Doctoral Dissertation Research: East African Middle Stone Age Projectile Technology and Modern Human Behavior
博士论文研究:东非中石器时代弹丸技术与现代人类行为
基本信息
- 批准号:0443171
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 1.2万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2005
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2005-01-01 至 2006-12-31
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Under the supervision of Dr. McBrearty, Veronica Waweru will seek archaeological markers of modern human behavior at the three Kenyan Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites of Cartwright's Site, Prospect Farm, and Prolonged Drift. Determining the age and technological sophistication of the MSA artifacts, and the sources of stone raw material from which they are made, will be the primary goals of the project. There is at present a major debate in anthropology as to whether the earliest members of Homo sapiens in Africa were behaviorally modern. The MSA is significant in this argument because at other African sites it has been shown to contain evidence of sophisticated behaviors, including symbolism, self-adornment, trade networks, and regional differentiation in technology. Genetic and fossil evidence indicates that our species appeared in Africa between 300 ka and 160 ka and the earliest dates for MSA technology indicates that it appeared in the same time interval. A potassium-argon (K/Ar) date of 440 ka for Cartwright's Site, published in 1965 when the method was still in its infancy, far exceeds estimates obtained elsewhere. This project will employ the more accurate and precise 40Ar/39Ar method to establish the age of the site, and thus the time depth of the MSA.Technological complexity, including the use of projectile weaponry, is an important attribute of modern human behavior. The series of technical steps involved in the manufacture and use of the bow and arrow call for complex motor and cognitive skills, and the use of projectile weapons confers the advantage of "death at a distance," facilitating hunting without close confrontation with the quarry. Stone points occur at all three MSA sites that will be examined in this study, but they may have been used to arm short stabbing spears (assegais), long throwing spears (javelins), or arrows. To clarify this issue, the points' aerodynamic properties and traces of damage and use-wear will be examined and compared with a replicated assemblage of stone points with a known history of experimental use.Exchange networks are an aspect of complex behaviour that may have facilitated flexibility in early modern human subsistence strategies. Among contemporary foraging peoples, social relationships with distant trading partners are an important 'insurance policy' during times of local resource failure. This investigation will seek information on MSA exchange networks through analysis of obsidian used in artifact manufacture. The geochemical composition of a sample of obsidian artifacts will be determined through electron microprobe analysis, and compared with a database of the geochemical make-up of obsidian flows in East Africa. This data will serve to determine the sources of the different types of obsidian, the distances they have been traded or transported, and thus the geographic reach of the social networks of the MSA site occupants. This project will continue to foster institutional co-operation by providing opportunities for regional and international students to learn practical fieldwork skills. In the 2003 season, two Ugandan students attached to the British Institute in Eastern Africa were part of the excavation team at Cartwright's site. During the proposed season, one undergraduate geology student in the employ of the National Museum of Kenya (NMK) and a number of local excavators will participate in field work. The project will also train both employed and volunteer students from the University of Nairobi in basic analytical skills at the NMK archaeology laboratory. Results from this study will be disseminated in scientific journals and the University of Connecticut website and will contribute to the body of knowledge regarding the origin and evolution of behavioral complexity in our species.
在McBrearty博士的监督下,Veronica Waweru将在肯尼亚三个中石器时代(MSA)遗址中寻找现代人类行为的考古标志, 卡特赖特的网站,前景农场,和长期漂移。该项目的主要目标是确定MSA文物的年龄和技术复杂程度,以及制作它们的石材原材料来源。 目前人类学中有一个主要的争论,即非洲最早的智人成员是否在行为上是现代的。 MSA在这一论点中意义重大,因为在其他非洲遗址中,它已被证明包含复杂行为的证据,包括象征主义,自我装饰,贸易网络和技术的区域差异。 遗传和化石证据表明,我们的物种出现在非洲之间的300 ka和160 ka和最早的日期为MSA技术表明,它出现在同一时间间隔。 1965年发表的卡特赖特遗址的钾氩(K/Ar)年代为440 ka,当时该方法还处于起步阶段,远远超过了其他地方的估计。 该项目将采用更准确和精确的40 Ar/39 Ar方法来确定遗址的年龄,从而确定MSA的时间深度。技术的复杂性,包括使用射弹武器,是现代人类行为的重要属性。弓箭的制造和使用涉及一系列技术步骤,需要复杂的运动和认知技能,使用抛射武器具有“远距离死亡”的优势,便于狩猎,而无需与猎物近距离对抗。 石尖出现在所有三个MSA网站,将在这项研究中进行检查,但他们可能已经被用来武装短刺矛(assegais),长投掷矛(标枪),或箭头。 为了澄清这一问题,将检查这些点的空气动力学特性以及损坏和使用磨损的痕迹,并将其与具有已知实验使用历史的石点复制组合进行比较。交换网络是复杂行为的一个方面,可能促进了早期现代人类生存策略的灵活性。 在当代的觅食民族中,与遥远的贸易伙伴的社会关系是当地资源失效时期的重要“保险政策”。 这项调查将通过分析用于人工制品制造的黑曜石来寻找MSA交换网络的信息。 将通过电子探针分析确定黑曜石人工制品样品的地球化学成分,并与东非黑曜石流地球化学成分数据库进行比较。 这些数据将有助于确定不同类型的黑曜石的来源,它们被交易或运输的距离,从而确定MSA遗址居住者的社交网络的地理范围。该项目将继续通过为区域和国际学生提供学习实际实地工作技能的机会来促进机构合作。在2003年的季节,两名隶属于英国东非研究所的乌干达学生是卡特赖特遗址挖掘队的一员。在拟议的季节,肯尼亚国家博物馆(NMK)雇用的一名地质学本科生和一些当地挖掘机将参加实地工作。 该项目还将在NMK考古实验室对来自内罗毕大学的在职学生和志愿学生进行基本分析技能培训。 这项研究的结果将在科学期刊和康涅狄格大学网站上传播,并将有助于了解我们物种行为复杂性的起源和进化。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
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Sally McBrearty其他文献
Sharpening the mind
磨练思维
- DOI:
10.1038/nature11751 - 发表时间:
2012-11-07 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:48.500
- 作者:
Sally McBrearty - 通讯作者:
Sally McBrearty
The coast in colour
彩色的海岸
- DOI:
10.1038/449793a - 发表时间:
2007-10-17 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:48.500
- 作者:
Sally McBrearty;Chris Stringer - 通讯作者:
Chris Stringer
Sally McBrearty的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Sally McBrearty', 18)}}的其他基金
Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Stable Isotopic Evidence for Landscape Reconstructions, Kapthurin Formation, Kenya
博士论文改进资助:肯尼亚卡普图林地层景观重建的稳定同位素证据
- 批准号:
1343214 - 财政年份:2013
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant: The Origins of Modern Human Behavior
博士论文研究改进资助:现代人类行为的起源
- 批准号:
1343740 - 财政年份:2013
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
RAPID: Rescue excavation of fossils of late Middle Pleistocene Homo from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya
RAPID:对肯尼亚卡普图林组中更新世晚期人属化石进行抢救性挖掘
- 批准号:
1103441 - 财政年份:2010
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Middle Pleistocene Human Behavioral Adaptations in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya
肯尼亚卡普图林组中更新世人类行为适应
- 批准号:
0917965 - 财政年份:2009
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Doctoral Dissertation Research: A Middle Pleistocene Landscape Archaeology Project in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya
博士论文研究:肯尼亚卡普图林地层中更新世景观考古项目
- 批准号:
0432029 - 财政年份:2004
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
A Landscape Approach to Archaeological Variability at the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age Transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya
肯尼亚卡普图林地层从阿舍利时代到中石器时代过渡时期考古变化的景观方法
- 批准号:
0217728 - 财政年份:2002
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
Doctoral dissertation improvement grant: Archaeology and tephrostratigraphy of the southern Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya
博士论文改进补助金:肯尼亚巴林戈南部卡普图林地层的考古学和地层学
- 批准号:
0118345 - 财政年份:2001
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Archaeology & Paleoenvironments of the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo District, Kenya
考古学
- 批准号:
9601419 - 财政年份:1996
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
Archaeology and Paleoenvironments of the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya
卡普图林地层的考古学和古环境,巴林戈,肯尼亚
- 批准号:
9408926 - 财政年份:1994
- 资助金额:
$ 1.2万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
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