Collaborative Research: Ontogenetic Changes in Swimming Squid: An Integrative Examination of Jet Structure and Muscular Mechanics

合作研究：游泳乌贼的个体发生变化：射流结构和肌肉力学的综合检查

• 批准号: 0446229
• 负责人: Paul Krueger
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Southern Methodist University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-06-01 至 2008-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0446229&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Ontogenetic; Changes; Swimming

PROJECT ABSTRACTCollaborative Research. Ontogenetic Changes in Swimming Squid: An Integrative Examination of Jet Structure and Muscular MechanicsIan K. Bartol (Old Dominion University), Joseph T. Thompson (Saint Joseph's University), and Paul S. Krueger (Southern Methodist University)Squids are versatile swimmers, having the ability to hover in one spot, change direction or orientation rapidly with apparent ease, and ascend/descend almost vertically. Although squids have fins and arms that are used to varying degrees for propulsion, stability, and maneuverability, it is the pulsed jet that is the foundation of the locomotive system. Pulsed jets in squids, which differ from the more familiar undulatory locomotion of fishes, aquatic reptiles, and aquatic mammals, are generated by alternately filling an internal mantle cavity with water and ejecting that water by powerful mantle contractions through a maneuverable funnel. Pulsed jetting is used by squids of remarkably different sizes, from hatchlings that are only a few millimeters in length to adults that may grow as large as 18 m. Over this wide size range, the physics of fluids plays an important role in the evolution of various jet features (e.g., characteristic vortices known as vortex rings) that are central to propulsive swimming performance. This collaborative project investigates how fluid mechanical constraints shape swimming strategies and muscular mechanics in squid of different life history stages, with the ultimate goal of assessing how propulsive efficiency changes with size. To accomplish this, jet flows, body movements, and muscle properties will be examined in two species of squids, the brief squid Lolliguncula brevis and the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana. These squids, which vary in total length from 1 cm as hatchlings to 15 cm as adults, will be trained to swim in a flow tank (i.e., an aquatic "treadmill") containing water seeded with light-reflective particles. As particle-laden water is expelled from the funnel, it will be illuminated with lasers and videotaped so that the jet velocity can be determined using a technique known as digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). These DPIV data will provide direct measurements of jet features and propulsive efficiency. Multiple video cameras positioned on a motorized rail system will be used to collect high-resolution images of the mantle and funnel as the squids swim, providing valuable data on swimming behavior. Because the contractile properties of the mantle change with size and have direct effects on jet flows, detailed measurements of isolated bundles of mantle muscle also will be made using standard muscle mechanical techniques. The integration of DPIV, swimming footage, and muscle mechanical data promises to broaden our understanding of propulsive efficiency in jet-propelled organisms, especially at low size ranges where little is known about the jet mechanism, and provide insight into the evolution of ontogenetic changes in musculoskeletal support systems. These data are relevant not only for biological investigators but also for engineers and designers of emerging technologies, such as synthetic jets and pulsed-jet micro-vehicles. This project will engage undergraduate and graduate students in interdisciplinary research. It will also facilitate minority student involvement, either through direct participation in experiments or through educational development in local public schools and aquariums.

项目摘要合作研究。 游泳乌贼的个体发生变化：射流结构和肌肉力学的综合检查伊恩·K·巴托尔（旧道明大学）、约瑟夫·T·汤普森（圣约瑟夫大学）和保罗·S·克鲁格（南卫理公会大学）乌贼是多才多艺的游泳者，能够在一个点上盘旋，轻松地快速改变方向或方向，几乎垂直上升/下降。 尽管鱿鱼的鳍和臂在不同程度上用于推进、稳定性和机动性，但脉冲喷射才是机车系统的基础。 鱿鱼的脉冲射流与人们更熟悉的鱼类、水生爬行动物和水生哺乳动物的波动运动不同，它是通过交替地向内部地幔腔填充水并通过可操纵的漏斗通过强大的地幔收缩将水喷射而产生的。 脉冲喷射适用于不同尺寸的鱿鱼，从长度只有几毫米的幼体到可长至 18 m 的成年鱿鱼。 在如此宽的尺寸范围内，流体的物理特性在各种射流特征（例如，称为涡环的特征涡流）的演变中发挥着重要作用，这些特征对于推进游泳性能至关重要。 该合作项目研究了流体机械约束如何影响不同生命史阶段的鱿鱼的游泳策略和肌肉力学，最终目标是评估推进效率如何随体型变化。 为了实现这一目标，我们将在两种鱿鱼（短鱿鱼 Lolliguncula brevis 和椭圆形鱿鱼 Sepioteuthis Lessoniana）中检查射流、身体运动和肌肉特性。 这些鱿鱼的总长度从幼体时的 1 厘米到成年时的 15 厘米不等，将被训练在装有反光颗粒的水的流动池（即水生“跑步机”）中游泳。 当含有颗粒的水从漏斗中排出时，将用激光照射并录像，以便可以使用称为数字颗粒图像测速（DPIV）的技术来确定射流速度。 这些 DPIV 数据将提供喷气机特征和推进效率的直接测量。 位于机动轨道系统上的多个摄像机将用于在鱿鱼游泳时收集地幔和漏斗的高分辨率图像，从而提供有关游泳行为的宝贵数据。 由于地幔的收缩特性随着尺寸的变化而变化，并且对射流有直接影响，因此也将使用标准肌肉机械技术对孤立的地幔肌束进行详细测量。 DPIV、游泳镜头和肌肉机械数据的整合有望扩大我们对喷气推进生物体推进效率的理解，特别是在对喷气机制知之甚少的小尺寸范围内，并提供对肌肉骨骼支持系统个体发生变化进化的洞察。 这些数据不仅与生物研究人员相关，而且与合成射流和脉冲喷射微型飞行器等新兴技术的工程师和设计师相关。 该项目将吸引本科生和研究生参与跨学科研究。 它还将通过直接参与实验或通过当地公立学校和水族馆的教育发展来促进少数族裔学生的参与。