Collaborative Research: Productivity Differences, Firm Evolution, and Worker Reallocation

该项目的目的是构建和估计工资、就业和增长的均衡模型。该方法基于Klette和Kortom(2002)提出的企业创新和演化的动态模型。在他们的模型中，总增长被视为公司研发投资的结果。这个过程是熊彼特式的创造性破坏。新产品取代了旧产品，如格罗斯曼和赫尔普曼(1991)和霍伊特和阿格瑟姆(1992)的理论。有几个原因让人们对这种方法感兴趣。首先，它与企业研发投入和专利申请以及企业劳动力规模演变的经验证据是一致的。第二，它提供了一个劳动力需求模型，可以用来匹配劳动力流入外部企业的基本特征以及企业的规模分布。最后，该模型在劳动力市场政策、生产率的演变与经济增长和就业之间建立了明确的联系。这些建议中的第一项任务是完成模型的制定，该模型可以使用匹配的雇主和雇员数据进行估计。评估策略利用了模型的随机结构和公司在其所使用的投入的生产率方面不同的经验事实。这些差异使人们能够估计企业扩张的成本，以及企业劳动力中工人的数量和构成与其产值之间的生产函数关系。尽管PI最初打算使用丹麦的薪酬和绩效数据来估计模型的结构，但他们也希望使用纵向研究(LRD)和纵向雇主-家庭动态(LEHD)美国数据库进行估计。跨国比较对于所提出的政策应用是必不可少的。给出结构参数估计，目的是探索模型对总体冲击的周期性反应和劳动力市场政策的福利效应的量化含义。该模型是否解释了所观察到的投资、就业、工资、工人和就业流动的周期性变化的幅度以及它们之间的动态关系？工资税、失业救济金、雇佣补贴和就业保护对工资、就业和增长的影响有多大？这些问题的答案对整个社会至关重要。例如，这项研究应该会为许多欧洲国家近几十年来就业和生产率增长落后于美国提供新的见解。更广泛的影响：主要调查人员将为本科生提供参与该项目活动的机会。他们这样做的主要方式是作为研究助理。此外，他们还希望根据该项目的建模方法和结果，开发一门适合高年级专业学生以及经济学和政策分析研究生的宏观劳动经济学课程。

The purpose of the project is to construct and estimate an equilibrium model of wages, employment and growth. The approach is based on a dynamic model of firm innovation and evolution developed by Klette and Kortum (2002). In their model, aggregate growth is viewed as the result of research and development investments made by firms. The process is one of Schumpeterian .creative destruction. in which new products replace old ones as in the theories of Grossman and Helpman (1991) and Howitt and Aghion (1992). There are several reasons for interest in the approach. First, it is consistent with empirical evidence on research and development investment made and patents filed by firms as wells as the evolution of firm labor force size. Second, it provides a model of labor demand that can be used to match the essential characteristics of worker flows into an out of employing firms as well as the size distribution of firms. Finally, the model establishes a clear link between labor market policies, the evolution of productivity and economic growth and employment. The first task among those proposed is to complete a formulation of the model that can be estimated using matched employer-employee data. The estimation strategy exploits the stochastic structure of the model and the empirical fact that firms differ with respect to the productivity of the inputs that they employ. These differences allow one to estimate the cost of firm expansion as well as the production function relationship between the quantity and composition of workers in the labor force of a firm and its value of output. Although initially the PI's intend to use the Danish Pay and Performance data to estimate the structure of the model, they also hope to estimate it using Longitudinal Research (LRD) and Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) U.S. databases. Cross country comparisons are essential for the policy applications proposed. Given the structural parameter estimates, the objective is to explore the model.s quantitative implications for cyclical responses to aggregate shocks and for the welfare effects of labor market policy. Does the model explain the observed magnitudes of cyclical variation in investment, employment, wages, and worker and job flows and the dynamic relationships among them? What are the implied magnitudes of the effects of payroll taxes, unemployment benefits, hiring subsidies and employment protection on wages, employment and growth? The answer to these questions is of critical importance to society at large. For example, the research should provide new insight into why employment and productivity growth in many European countries has lagged that of the U.S. in recent decades. Broader Impact: The principal investigators will offer the opportunity for undergraduates to engage in the activities of the project. The principal way in which they will do so is as research assistants. In addition, they would like to develop a macro-labor economics course, suitable for upper class majors as well as graduate students in economics and policy analysis, based on the project.s modeling approach and results.