Large-Scale Excavations at the Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age Rockshelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa
南非西开普省 Ysterfontein 1 中石器时代岩石掩体的大规模发掘
基本信息
- 批准号:0514098
- 负责人:
- 金额:--
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2005
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2005-06-01 至 2010-05-31
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
With National Science Foundation support, Richard Klein and a multidisciplinary American/South African team will excavate for two seasons at the Ysterfontein 1 rockshelter, about 70 km north of Cape Town, South Africa. The excavation is designed to illuminate the behavioral changes that allowed modern humans to expand from Africa about 50,000 years ago and to swamp or replace the Neanderthals and other non-modern Eurasians.Specialists disagree sharply about whether behavior changed abruptly in Africa just before 50,000 years ago or more gradually over a long interval between 250,000 and 50,000 years ago. The relevant African sites between 250,000 and 50,000 years ago are assigned to the Middle Stone Age (MSA), and the large majority lack standardized bone artifacts, art or jewelry, and other archaeological items that were widespread among historic hunter-gatherers and that became commonplace only after 50,000 years ago. Most MSA sites thus support the idea of abrupt change. However, there are a few, such as the Katanda cluster in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Blombos Cave in South Africa, where markers of advanced behavior have been reported, and these sites support the gradual or piecemeal hypothesis. Ysterfontein 1 contains artifacts and animal remains that can be used to test the alternatives, together with the idea based on a small number of other sites, that MSA people hunted and gathered less effectively than their successors. Ysterfontein 1 is particularly notable for large numbers of humanly collected intertidal shells, which can be used to track MSA population density, since average shell size probably reflects the number of human collectors. In aggregate, the Ysterfontein 1 shells tend to be very large, implying small MSA populations, but the new excavation aims to establish shellfish size layer by layer to determine if average size declines progressively through time. The project will use state-of-the-art technology to date the deposits precisely, but it is already clear that they span thousands or tens of thousands of years sometime between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago. Thus, a progressive decline in shellfish size would imply that MSA populations were growing through time, and it would support the piecemeal or gradual model of MSA behavioral change. It could even mean that population growth underlay the modern human expansion from Africa 50,000 years ago. In contrast, the failure of shellfish size to decline through time would imply consistently small MSA populations, and it would support the idea of abrupt behavioral change near the end of the MSA. The most plausible explanation for such abrupt change would be a serendipitous genetic mutation that promoted the modern human brain.The project is intended primarily to inform on the behavioral origins of modern humans, but it will also serve to train American and South African students in state-of-the-art methods for recovering large, unbiased, stratigraphically controlled artifact and faunal samples from a deeply stratified rockshelter. The need for future generations of archaeologists to expand the sample of carefully excavated sites is vital not only for resolving uncertainties in modern human origins, but also for illuminating many other outstanding problems in human evolution.
在国家科学基金会的支持下,理查德·克莱因和一个多学科的美国/南非团队将在南非开普敦以北70公里的Ysterfontein 1岩石避难所进行两个季节的挖掘。 此次发掘旨在阐明现代人类在大约5万年前从非洲向外扩张,进而淹没或取代尼安德特人和其他非现代欧亚人的行为变化。对于非洲人的行为变化是在5万年前突然发生的,还是在25万年前至5万年前的一段漫长时间内逐渐发生的,专家们意见分歧。 25万至5万年前的相关非洲遗址被分配到中石器时代(MSA),绝大多数缺乏标准化的骨制品,艺术品或珠宝,以及其他考古物品,这些物品在历史上的狩猎采集者中广泛存在,直到5万年前才变得普遍。 因此,大多数MSA网站支持突变的想法。 然而,也有一些,如刚果民主共和国的卡坦达集群和南非的布隆伯斯洞穴,在那里已经报告了先进行为的标志,这些网站支持渐进或零碎的假设。Ysterfontein 1号包含了可以用来测试替代品的文物和动物遗骸,以及基于少数其他地点的想法,即MSA人的狩猎和采集效率低于他们的继任者。 Ysterfontein 1特别值得注意的是大量的人类收集的潮间带贝壳,这可以用来跟踪MSA人口密度,因为平均贝壳大小可能反映了人类收集者的数量。 总的来说,Ysterfontein 1贝壳往往非常大,这意味着MSA种群很小,但新的挖掘旨在逐层确定贝类大小,以确定平均大小是否随着时间的推移逐渐下降。 该项目将使用最先进的技术来精确地确定沉积物的年代,但已经很清楚,它们跨越了数千年或数万年的时间,大约在10万到5万年前。 因此,贝类大小的逐步下降意味着MSA种群随着时间的推移而增长,这将支持MSA行为变化的渐进或渐进模型。 这甚至可能意味着人口增长超过了5万年前现代人类从非洲的扩张。 相比之下,贝类的大小随着时间的推移而下降的失败将意味着一贯的小MSA人口,它将支持MSA结束时突然行为变化的想法。 对于这种突然的变化,最合理的解释是一次偶然的基因突变,它促进了现代人类大脑的发育。该项目的主要目的是为现代人类的行为起源提供信息,但它也将有助于培训美国和南非的学生使用最先进的方法,从一个分层很深的岩石掩体中提取大型、无偏见、地层控制的人工制品和动物样本。 未来几代考古学家需要扩大精心挖掘的遗址样本,这不仅对解决现代人类起源的不确定性至关重要,而且对阐明人类进化中许多其他悬而未决的问题也至关重要。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
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Richard Klein其他文献
Customization and real time information access in integrated eBusiness supply chain relationships
- DOI:
10.1016/j.jom.2007.03.001 - 发表时间:
2007-11 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:7.8
- 作者:
Richard Klein - 通讯作者:
Richard Klein
Trust in Patient-Centered E-Health
信任以患者为中心的电子医疗
- DOI:
10.4018/978-1-60566-016-5.ch008 - 发表时间:
2009 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:
Richard Klein - 通讯作者:
Richard Klein
E-competitive transformations
电竞转型
- DOI:
10.1016/s0007-6813(01)80029-x - 发表时间:
2001 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:7.4
- 作者:
D. Straub;Richard Klein - 通讯作者:
Richard Klein
Strategic Partnerships versus Captive Buyer and Supplier Relationships
- DOI:
- 发表时间:
2005 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:
Richard Klein - 通讯作者:
Richard Klein
Tying Context to Post-Adoption Behavior with Information Technology: A Conceptual and Operational Definition of Mindfulness
利用信息技术将情境与收养后行为联系起来:正念的概念和操作定义
- DOI:
- 发表时间:
2007 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:
Nicholas H. Roberts;J. Thatcher;Richard Klein - 通讯作者:
Richard Klein
Richard Klein的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Richard Klein', 18)}}的其他基金
DDIG: Analysis of Faunal Remains from the Middle Pleistocene Site of Orgnac 3, France
DDIG:法国 Orgnac 3 中更新世遗址动物遗迹分析
- 批准号:
0925571 - 财政年份:2009
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Origins and Practice of Southwestern African Pastoralism - Addressing Classic Debates using Ancient DNA
博士论文改进补助金:西南非洲畜牧业的起源和实践 - 使用古代 DNA 解决经典争论
- 批准号:
0634669 - 财政年份:2006
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Prehistoric Ecology and Behavior in the Western Cape Province, South Africa ,
南非西开普省的史前生态和行为,
- 批准号:
9106399 - 财政年份:1991
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Analysis of Elandsfontein and Duinefontein Faunal Remains
埃兰方丹和杜内方丹动物遗迹分析
- 批准号:
8820319 - 财政年份:1989
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
U.S.-Australia Joint Seminar: Quaternary Extinctions / Sydney, Australia / August 1988
美国-澳大利亚联合研讨会:第四纪灭绝 / 澳大利亚悉尼 / 1988 年 8 月
- 批准号:
8714049 - 财政年份:1988
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Prehistory and Ecology of Stone Age Pastoralists in Southern Africa
南部非洲石器时代牧民的史前史和生态学
- 批准号:
8613975 - 财政年份:1987
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Archeological Analysis of Faunal Remains from the Haua Fteahand Other Late Quaternary Sites in Cyrenaica (Libya)
对昔兰尼加(利比亚)Haua Ftea 和其他晚第四纪遗址的动物遗迹的考古分析
- 批准号:
8416910 - 财政年份:1985
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Ecology of Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers in Southern Africa
南部非洲史前狩猎采集者的生态学
- 批准号:
7916249 - 财政年份:1980
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
Large Dense Cored Vesicles and Exocytosis in Bovine Models
牛模型中的大致密核心囊泡和胞吐作用
- 批准号:
7912951 - 财政年份:1979
- 资助金额:
-- - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
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