Santa Magdalena de Cao Viejo: Cultural Encounters in Early Colonial Peru

在国家科学基金会的支持下，杰弗里·奎尔特博士和一个国际团队的同事将在秘鲁北海岸的早期殖民时期（约1000年）的废墟上进行考古和文献研究的试点项目。1560 - 1820）教堂和城镇，圣马格达莱纳德曹维耶霍。该项目结合了美国和秘鲁在田野考古学、先进的绘图技术、文献分析和其他专业领域的专家，研究了关于西班牙外国政权强加给土著人民的社会、经济、政治和其他进程的理论。欧洲人和美洲土著人的相遇是世界历史上伟大的史诗之一。虽然许多人谴责所发生的事件是悲剧性的，但无可争辩的是，这些事件是震撼世界的，深刻地影响了随后的整个历史。令人惊讶的是，我们对相遇是如何发生的知识是贫乏和不发达的，主要是基于西班牙作家和少数其他人的解释，他们在记录事件时都有特定的议程。这些文献资料虽然有价值，但只讲述了一个不完整的故事，几乎没有揭示西班牙人和当地人的日常生活，因为他们经历了皈依、统治、抵抗和蔑视的痛苦过程。然而，秘鲁沙漠的优秀保存质量已经在前期工作中提供了日常生活中“被遗忘的小事情”的证据，因此这个考古项目将能够提供这种过程的独特视角。要调查的研究问题的性质涉及西班牙语和本地人在当地特定环境中符合政策制定者更大要求的程度。仅举一例，初步工作表明，城镇和教堂建筑群的布局并不符合西班牙的规定，而是根据当地情况进行了调整--教堂直接位于一座西班牙前时期的寺庙前面，这座寺庙已经废弃，但仍然受到当地人的崇敬。该项目将探讨西班牙人和当地人为了找到共同生活的方式而在多大程度上妥协了遥远当局的政策的这一证据和其他证据。镇上的土著人是否受到严密的保护，定居点是否有防御工事，或者条件是否更加灵活和开放？西班牙牧师在某种程度上允许本土宗教的实践，还是严格执行基督教的实践？当地经济在多大程度上与西班牙帝国的更大经济体系相联系？当地的农业和饮食习惯在多大程度上得以保留？这些问题和其他问题将在研究中得到解决。这项研究的更广泛影响是，它将为根本不同的文化如何相互作用提供重要信息。这将有助于确定文献资料与考古数据的关系有多准确。在文化和价值观冲突日益重要的当代世界，对历史上一次重大文化冲突的研究可能为我们这个时代提供许多思考。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Jeffrey Quilter and an international team of colleagues will conduct a pilot project of archaeological and documentary research on the north coast of Peru at the ruins of an early Colonial Period (ca. 1560 - 1820) church and town, Santa Magdalena de Cao Viejo. The project combines U.S. and Peruvian specialists in field archaeology, advanced mapping techniques, documentary analysis, and other specialties to examine theories on social, economic, political, and other processes resulting from the imposition of a foreign regime, the Spanish, on native peoples.The encounter of Europeans and Native Americans is one of the great epics of world history. While the events that took place are condemned as tragic by many it is indisputable that they were world-shaking, effecting the entire subsequent history in profound ways. Surprisingly, our knowledge of how encounter actually occurred is poor and underdeveloped, based mostly on the interpretations of Spanish writers and a few others who all had specific agendas in recording events. Such documentary sources, while valuable, only tell an incomplete story and reveal little of the day-to-day lives of Spanish and native, alike, as they worked through the painful processes of conversion, domination, resistance, and defiance. The excellent preservation qualities of the Peruvian desert, however, have yielded up evidence of the "small things forgotten" of every day life in preliminary work and thus this archaeological project will be able to offer a unique view of such processes.The nature of the research questions to be investigated concern the degree to which Spanish and native in a local, specific setting conformed to the larger dictates of policy makers. As but one example, preliminary work suggests that the lay-out of the town and church complex did not conform to Spanish regulations but was adjusted to local conditions - the church was placed directly in front of a prehispanic temple that had been abandoned but was still venerated by local people. The project will explore this and other evidence of the degree to which Spaniard and native compromised the policies of distant authorities in order to find ways to live together. Were the native people in the town under heavy guard and was the settlement fortified or were conditions more flexible and open? Did Spanish priests allow the practice of native religions, to some degree, or was a strict enforcement of Christian practice maintained? To what degree was the local economy tied in to the larger economic system of the Spanish Empire and to what degree were native practices in agriculture and food-ways maintained? These and other questions will be addressed in the research.The broader impacts of the study are that it will contribute significant information on how radically different cultures interacted. It will help to determine how accurate a picture the documentary sources are in relation to archaeological data. In our contemporary world in which the clash of cultures and values has become increasingly important this study of one of the great cultural confrontations of history may offer much to consider for our own times.