Ostracism and Aggression

摘要博士。普渡大学的吉卜林·威廉姆斯建议研究排斥--被忽视和排斥--和攻击性之间的联系。威廉姆斯等人过去的研究证明了排斥的两个自相矛盾的影响：亲社会反应和反社会反应。尽管人们对排斥的反应是亲社会的，例如通过改变他们不可接受的行为，但也有被排斥的个人做出暴力反应的情况，例如最近发生的校园枪击案。这项研究建议对排斥导致攻击性或反社会倾向和反应的条件进行实证检验。首先，排斥被认为是增加消极情绪和报复性反应倾向的第一级反射性反应，当花时间反思其含义和后果时，这种反应倾向被缓和为亲社会反应倾向。第二，排斥是为了影响四种基本需求：归属感、自尊、控制力和有意义的存在。当与控制和有意义的存在有关的需求受到特别威胁时，更有可能发生攻击性反应，而当排斥主要威胁到与归属感和自尊有关的需求时，亲社会行为是可以预期的。最后，建议对群体的排斥，或基于群体成员的排斥，比其他个人对个人的排斥更能增加反社会反应倾向。其他关于不连续性的研究表明，与人与人之间的互动相比，群体与群体的互动更有可能具有竞争性和不信任的特征。因此，基于种族、民族或宗教等群体特征的排斥可能特别容易产生攻击性反应。这项研究采用了许多创新技术，其中包括一种基于计算机的强大而简单的范例，名为“Cyberball”，参与者被排斥在虚拟抛球游戏之外。虽然这看起来是一种相当轻微和无关紧要的排斥形式，但最近发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究表明，玩这个游戏几分钟就会激活大脑的疼痛中枢。另一种创新方法是使用虚拟现实技术来研究被排斥、被忽视和几乎对其他人看不见的影响。此外，这项工作通过将以前发表的作品的结果提交给荟萃分析来探索“暂停”纪律程序的有效性。该方案扩大了代表性不足群体的参与，并有可能在促进积极的教育环境和防止可能导致校园暴力以及在更广泛的层面上导致恐怖主义的有害副作用方面造福社会。

AbstractDr. Kipling Williams of Purdue University proposes to examine the links between ostracism-being ignored and excluded-and aggression. Past research by Williams and others demonstrates two paradoxical effects of ostracism: pro-social responses and anti-social responses. Although people respond pro-socially to ostracism for example by altering their unacceptable behavior, there are also instances in which ostracized individuals react violently, such as recent instances of school shooters. This research proposes to examine empirically the conditions under which ostracism leads to aggressive or anti-social tendencies and responses. First, ostracism is proposed to increase negative emotions and retaliatory response tendencies as a first-level reflexive response, which is moderated toward pro-social response tendencies when time is taken to reflect upon the implications and consequences. Second ostracism is proposed to impact four fundamental needs: belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence. Aggressive responding is more likely to occur when the needs pertaining to control and meaningful existence are especially threatened, whereas prosocial behavior is expected when ostracism threatens primarily needs related to belonging and self-esteem. Finally, ostracism of groups, or ostracism based upon group membership, is proposed to increase anti-social reaction tendencies more so than ostracism of individuals by other individuals. Other research on discontinuity has shown that group-group interactions are more likely to be characterized by competitiveness and distrust than person-person interactions. Thus, ostracism based upon group level characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, or religion, may be particularly prone to aggressive responses. This research employs a number of innovative techniques, including a powerful yet simple computer based paradigm called "Cyberball" in which participants are ostracized from a virtual ball toss game. While appearing to be a rather minor and inconsequential form of ostracism, a recent study published in the magazine Science showed how only a few minutes of playing this game resulted in activation of brain's pain center. Another innovative method is the use of Virtual Reality technology to study the effects of feeling excluded, ignored, and being virtually invisible to other people. In addition, this work explores the effectiveness of the disciplinary procedure of "time out" by submitting the results of previously published work to a meta-analysis. This program broadens the participation of underrepresented groups and has the potential to benefit society in the areas of promoting positive educational environments and preventing harmful side effects that can result in school violence and, at a broader level, terrorism.