AOC-Third Generation Globalization and Systems of Human Capital Development

由于企业全球化、通信技术的进步以及美国和新兴经济体地缘政治政策的变化，科学与工程人力资本的发展正在发生深刻的变化。人力资本开发的全球系统正在形成，它由更紧密耦合的要素和更复杂的相互作用组成。“流动”不再是单向的，即人力资本流向美国，而先进的创新几乎完全来自美国、欧洲和日本。相反，标准普尔人力资本流动的新模式和标准普尔活动的地点正在挑战这些国家长期以来占据主导地位的模式。长期以来，美国劳动力的增长和国家的高水平创新一直受益于新兴工业化经济体中高素质人才的流入。吸引这些资金流入的原因是，美国的公司和大学里有许多世界领先的科学和工程技术。有迹象表明，美国的这一优势正在下降。新出现的移民模式和对标普工作地点的放宽的地理限制引起了人们对美国维持领先的标普劳动力的能力的关注，从而保持其目前在科学和工程领域的领导地位。劳动力发展和前沿科学与工程现在是由公司、政府和教育机构组成的全球体系塑造的，而这些体系反过来又塑造了个体行为者、教育管理者、工人和学生自己的决策。一个由组织、工程、商业、教育政策、移民和人口以及劳动力市场研究人员组成的跨学科团队将研究这一新兴的全球体系。这个项目由三个部分组成。第一部分扩展了项目团队目前对美国、欧洲和日本跨国公司向新兴经济体转移高水平工程工作的研究。在此基础上，pi研究了知识工作全球化对美国企业战略和人力资本开发投资的影响。这包括知识工作地点的变化对大学/行业合作和劳动力发展系统的影响。第二部分是基于对美国和国际数据源的详细分析，对科学和工程劳动力的移民流动以及科技工人的国家就业和工资趋势进行行业/职业分析。一个关键的问题是，电子商务工作的全球化是如何影响电子商务培训人员的需求和供应的。第三部分侧重于大学在科学和工程领域的招生趋势和研究生招聘策略，以在科学和工程管道和劳动力中代表性不足的群体的参与为基础。更广泛的影响。这些项目有助于制定全球人力资本发展框架，其中包括移徙流动和教育系统，特别侧重于知识工作者和科技活动的地点。该项目通过研究科学和工程劳动力发展的条件、政策和实践、可能增加科学和工程领域未充分代表人口数量的政策和实践，以及教育和人力资源政策，解决科学界和整个社会长期关注的社会问题。这项研究还从更广泛、更全球化的角度分析了最近美国标准与工程研究生项目的外国学生入学人数下降的情况。

SBE-0527584Harold SalzmanBeatriz ClewellLeonard LynnUrban InstituteThe development of science and engineering (S&E) human capital is undergoing profound change as a result of corporate globalization, advances in communications technologies, and geopolitical policy changes in the U.S. and in emerging economies. A global system of human capital development, composed of more closely coupled elements and more complex interactions is developing. No longer are "flows" unidirectional, with human capital flowing to the U.S. and advanced innovation emanating almost exclusively from the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Instead, new patterns of S&E human capital flows and location of S&E activities are challenging the longstanding patterns that gave these nations a predominant position. Growth of the U.S. S&E workforce, and the country's high levels of innovation, have long benefited from in-flows of highly talented people from newly industrializing economies. These inflows were attracted by the location of much of the world's leading-edge science and engineering in firms and universities in the United States. There are signs that this U.S. advantage is declining. Emerging patterns of immigration and easing geographic constraints on the location of S&E work are evoking concern about the ability of the U.S. to maintain a leading S&E workforce, and thus to maintain its current leadership in science and engineering. S&E workforce development and leading-edge science and engineering are now shaped by a global system of firms, governments, and educational institutions that, in turn, shape the decision making of individual actors, the educational administrators, workers, and students themselves. A cross-disciplinary team of organizational, engineering, business, education policy, immigration and population, and labor market researchers will examine this emerging global system. This project is composed of three components. The first component extends the project team's current research on the transfer of high level engineering work by U.S., European, and Japanese multinationals to emerging economies. In building on this research, the PIs examine the impact of knowledge work globalization on U.S. corporate strategies and on investment in human capital development. This includes the impact of changes in the location of knowledge work on university/industry collaborations and work force development systems. The second component is an industry/occupation analysis of immigrant flows in the science and engineering workforce as well as national employment and wage trends for S&E workers, building on a detailed analysis of U.S. and international data sources. A key question is how the globalization of S&E work is affecting the demand for, and supply of S&E trained workers. The third component focuses on university enrollment trends and recruitment strategies in graduate science and engineering fields, building on work on the participation of underrepresented groups in the science and engineering pipeline and workforce. Broader Impacts. The projects contribute to the development of a framework of global human capital development that includes migration flows and education systems, with a specific focus on knowledge workers and the location of S&E activities. The project addresses social issues of longstanding concern to the scientific community and of society in general by examining the conditions, policies, and practices in the development of the science and engineering workforces, policies, and practices that could increase the numbers of underrepresented populations in the science and engineering fields, and education and human resource policies. The study also places in a broader, more global framework, the recent declines in foreign student enrollments in U.S. S&E graduate programs.