SGER: Reconnaissance Survey of the December 26, 2004 Great Sumatran Earthquake and Tsunami

摘要：这笔用于探索性研究的小额赠款支持对2004年12月26日苏门答腊岛大地震和海啸的勘察调查。2004年的苏门答腊岛地震和海啸在泰国和印度尼西亚造成了超过10米的海浪，在斯里兰卡和印度造成了超过5米的海浪，并影响了马尔代夫、肯尼亚、塔斯马尼亚和索马里。海啸波几乎立即影响到印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛北部的近源地区以及安达曼和尼科巴群岛，向东到达缅甸和泰国海岸需要大约1.5小时，向西到达印度、斯里兰卡和马尔代夫需要2至3个小时。考虑到受灾地区的地理范围，有必要将调查的重点放在选定的感兴趣地区，然后这将指导以后进行更全面的调查。这项工作的学术价值在于，海啸现场调查允许对特定事件的海啸淹没情况进行定量测量。这些测量是基于对水印和目击者描述的观察，以帮助了解到达时间和推断海啸洋流。这是自1964年以来的第一次跨洋海啸，东南亚、印度次大陆和非洲的洪水泛滥的地理分布将有助于更好地了解海啸的产生和相关的地震学参数。相比之下，与NSF基金一起调查的1992-2004年海啸具有局部影响，地理范围有限，但通过将现场数据直接应用于数值模拟工作，我们对海啸产生和影响的了解大大增加(Synolakis等人，2002年，Borrero等人，2003年)，调查的更广泛影响超出了收集和记录淹没数据和开发淹没模型。每一次NSF海啸调查都包括公众宣传。与过去一样，勘测科学家将在学校、民防和应急管理以及其他政府官员中发表演讲，解释海啸产生的机理、海啸的发生以及世界其他地方减轻海啸灾害的经验。最重要的是，他们通过参考其他地方的海啸影响来讨论，每个沿海居民都应该知道，如果他们感觉到地震和/或观察到异常的水运动，如海岸线的迅速后退或向前移动，他们应该立即转移到高地或内陆。收集到的数据的另一个更广泛的影响是，它被用来制定和验证新的海啸淹没模型，并用这些模型来评估印度洋和其他地方未来海啸的风险。目前正在为卡斯卡迪亚俯冲区(CSZ)进行的建模工作将直接受益于在这些调查期间收集的数据，这些结果将直接影响加利福尼亚州、俄勒冈州、华盛顿州和夏威夷州海啸淹没和危险地图的制作。

Abstract:This Small Grant for Exploratory Research supports reconnaissance surveys of the December 26, 2004 Great Sumatran earthquake and tsunami. The 2004 Sumatran earthquake and tsunami has caused waves in excess of 10m in Thailand and Indonesia, in excess of 5m in Sri Lanka and India, and it has impacted the Maldives, Kenya, Tasmania and Somalia. The tsunami waves affected the near source region of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands almost immediately while taking approximately 1.5 hours to reach the shores of Myanmar and Thailand to the east, and 2 to 3 hours to reach India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives to the west. Given the geographic extent of the affected area, it is necessary to focus the surveys on select areas of interest, which will then guide later more comprehensive surveys.The intellectual merit of this work lies in the fact that tsunami field surveys allow for quantitative measurements of tsunami inundation of a specific event. The measurements are based on observations of watermarks and eyewitness accounts to help understand arrival times and infer tsunami currents. This is the first transoceanic tsunami since 1964,and the geographical distribution of inundation in SE Asia, Indian Subcontinent and Africa will help better understand tsunami generation and the associated seismological parameters. For comparison, the tsunamis of 1992-2004 surveyed with NSF funds have had local impact and limited geographic extend, yet our understanding of tsunami generation and effects has increased dramatically through the direct application of field data to numerical modeling efforts (Synolakis et al., 2002, Borrero et al., 2003)The broader impact of the survey extends beyond gathering and documenting inundation data and developing inundation models. Every NSF tsunami survey includes public outreach. As they have done in the past, survey scientists will make presentations in schools, civil defense and emergency management and other government officials to explain the mechanics of tsunami generation, the occurrence of tsunamis, and the experience with tsunami hazards mitigation elsewhere in the world. Most importantly they discuss by reference to tsunami impacts elsewhere that every coastal resident should know that if they feel an earthquake and/or observe unusual water motions such as rapid withdrawal or forward motion of the shoreline, they should immediately move to high ground or inland. A further broader impact of the data collected is its use in developing and validating new tsunami inundation models and in using these models in assessing risk from future tsunamis in the Indian Ocean and elsewhere. Modeling efforts currently under way for the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) will benefit directly from the data collected during these surveys and those results will directly impact the production of tsunami inundation and hazard maps for the states of California, Oregon, Washington and Hawaii.