Collaborative Research: Explosive Volcanism: Further Perspectives on Controls on Style and Dynamic of the 79AD Plinian Eruption at Vesuvius

学术价值：公元79年的维苏威火山喷发摧毁了庞贝和赫库兰尼姆，通常被认为是普林尼火山活动的“典型”例子。这次喷发有很好的记录，它发生在世界上最危险的十年火山中，至少有60万人居住在火山口10公里内。持续的爆炸性喷发是维苏威火山历史的特征，是高度破坏性的事件，稳定的喷发羽流让位给柱崩塌和/或呼吸岩浆作用。在这种背景下，公元79年的火山喷发可以被视为理解火山喷发过程中这种复杂变化的“案例研究”或“野外实验室”。尽管人们对其沉积物的物理特征和化学性质了解甚多，但关于喷发本身仍有许多疑问。是什么原因导致了早期柱突塌（在呼吸岩浆作用开始之前），从而产生了第一次火山碎屑密度流（PDCs），造成了赫库兰尼姆及其周边地区的破坏和死亡？在以高度不稳定羽状物为特征的火山喷发晚期，岩浆的上升和泡化条件是什么？这些熔体中的微岩（主要是白闪岩）对喷发动力学、结晶动力学和岩浆流变学有什么影响？这些问题的答案将提供对喷发动力学和喷发风格复杂变化的更全面的理解。将确定囊泡和微生命的大小、密度和形状的数据集，并与实验数据进行比较，以约束白晶石结晶和囊泡形成的时间和速率。白晶石结晶实验将在UAF进行，那里已经在进行囊泡发育的研究[EAR 0511070])。更广泛的影响：通过关注这次受到良好约束的著名历史喷发，拟议的工作应该引起公众的广泛兴趣，并应用于其他火山学调查。学生和pi将受益于UH， UAF， UO和卡利亚里大学之间的跨机构和国际专业知识和思想交流-确保具有不同文化和社会背景的个人之间的思想和方法交流。研究结果将被纳入夏威夷和阿拉斯加学生的教材中，预算还包括确保学生直接参与研究的资金。进一步的推广将通过一个教育网页来实现，该网页使用公元79年的例子，通过类比这次迷人而著名的火山喷发，向高中生展示地质过程。同时，研究结果将被纳入意大利维苏威火山民防计划官员的教育和危险通报中。

Intellectual merit: The 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius, which destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, is generally regarded as the 'type' example of Plinian volcanism. This eruption is very well documented, and it occurred at the most dangerous of the world's Decade Volcanoes where at least 600,000 people live within 10 km of the crater. The sustained explosive eruptions, which characterize Vesuvius' history, are highly destructive events where stable eruption plumes give way to column collapse, and/or phreatomagmatism. In this context, the 79AD eruption can be considered as a "case study" or "field laboratory" for understanding such complex changes in eruption processes. Although much is known about the physical characteristics and chemistry of its deposits, many questions remain regarding the eruptions themselves:1. What was the cause of sudden early column collapse (prior to the onset of phreatomagmatism),which generated the first pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), responsible for destruction and deaths at Herculaneum and surrounding areas?2. What were the conditions of ascent and vesiculation of magma during the late, phreatomagmatic phase of the eruptions characterized by highly unstable plumes?3. What influence did microlites in these melts, mainly leucites, have on eruption dynamics, crystallization kinetics and magma rheology?Answers to these questions will provide a more complete understanding of complex changes in eruption dynamics and style. Data sets for vesicle and microlite size, density and shape will be determined and compared with experimental data to constrain timing and rates of leucite crystallization and vesicle formation. Experiments on leucite crystallization will be conducted at UAF where studies are already underway on vesicle development [EAR 0511070]).Broader impacts: By focusing on this well-constrained and famous historical eruption, the proposed work should have broad interest to the public and application to other volcanological investigations. Students and PIs will benefit from the cross-institutional and international exchange of expertise and ideas between UH, UAF, UO and University of Cagliari - ensuring the exchange of ideas and approaches among individuals with a variety of cultural and societal backgrounds. Results will be incorporated into teaching materials for Hawaiian and Alaskan students, and the budget includes funds to ensure the direct involvement of students in the research. Further outreach will be achieved through an educational web-page which uses the 79AD example to demonstrate geological processes through analogy with this fascinating and famous eruption to high school students. Concurrently, results will be incorporated into education and hazard communication to officials of the Italian Civil Defense plan for Vesuvius.