Peri-Urban Land Reform and Political-Economic Reform in Zanzibar, Tanzania

该项目对坦桑尼亚桑给巴尔城市周边西区1985年至2005年的土地改革进行了批判性分析。这二十年带来了双重改革，即向多党民主治理过渡和经济发展政策向新自由主义（基于市场的）发展转变。土地改革是这一双重改革进程中一个关键的、尚未得到审查的空间层面。该研究测试了关于发展和环境正义与不正义的地理文献中相互竞争的关键理论假设：新自由主义和民主治理政策是扶贫的，新自由主义治理与地理不平衡发展不可分割，边缘化社区首当其冲地承受地理不平衡发展的负面环境后果。该研究实证研究土地利用规划过程如何改变，针对西区的三个案例研究领域和芬兰的援助机构，芬兰开发署，在改革过程中的作用。主要目标是评估改革在多大程度上增加或减少了环境不公正现象，环境不公正现象的定义是城市化带来的环境成本和效益在社会上的分配不均衡。这项研究将采用定性和定量方法，从以下方面衡量1985-2005年该区的环境不公正现象：（1）不同社会群体获得优质土地的机会不平等;（2）非正式住区中处于边缘地位的穷人因靠近不同的具体危险而受到更大的负面环境影响。 这项研究测试的理论，即环境不公正目前在西区是偶然的社会，政治，经济和文化关系，目前在特定区域的特定区域在特定的时间。将通过焦点小组、社会调查、访谈和参与观察以及档案研究、文献研究和基础地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感分析来收集信息，创建一个多方面的国家-社会关系民族志。该项目将为促进发展政策和城市环境分析中的地理知识做出新的贡献。它将通过解决相关社会科学文献中的三个具体差距，大大有助于分析发展中国家城市周边土地改革进程中政治和经济改革进程与环境正义之间的关系。这些是：1）南非以外的非洲城市环境规划批判性政治分析相对缺乏，2）非洲双重改革研究中对非洲城市相对沉默（主要是研究选举和国家经济政策），（3）发展地理学中普遍缺乏对物质和地理的批判，在双重改革时代，北欧对非洲城市的援助在政治上具有重要意义。该项目包括桑给巴尔的研究人员，扩大了服务不足的人口，撒哈拉以南非洲人的参与，并通过发展坦桑尼亚，芬兰和美国之间的联系，加强城市政治生态的研究网络。

The project provides a critical analysis of land reform in the peri-urban West District of Zanzibar, Tanzania, from 1985 to 2005. These two decades have brought dual reforms in the form of a transition to multi-party democratic governance and a transformation of economic development policy toward neoliberal (market-based) development. Land reform represents a critical and as-yet unexamined spatial dimension of this dual reform process. The study tests key competing theoretical assumptions in the geographical literatures on development and on environmental justice and injustice: that neoliberal and democratic governance policies are pro-poor, that neoliberal governance is inseparable from geographically uneven development (GUD), and that marginalized communities bear the brunt of negative environmental consequences in GUD. The research empirically examines how land use planning processes have changed, targeting three case study areas of West District and the role of Finland's aid agency, Finnida, in reform processes. The primary objective is to assess the degree to which the reforms have increased or decreased environmental injustice, defined as the socially uneven distribution of environmental costs and benefits from urbanization. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the study will gauge environmental injustice in the District for 1985-2005 in terms of: 1) unequal access for different social groups to high quality land; and 2) greater negative environmental consequences for the marginalized poor in informal settlements in the form of proximity to different specific hazards. The study tests the theory that environmental injustice present in West District is contingent upon the particular character of social, political, economic, and cultural relations present in specific zones of the District at a given time. Information will be gathered through focus groups, social surveys, interviews, and participant observation, as well as archival research, document study, and basic geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing analysis, creating a multi-faceted ethnography of state-society relations. This project will make a novel contribution to advancing geographic knowledge in the analysis of development policy and the urban environment. It will contribute significantly to analysis of the relations between political and economic reform processes and environmental justice within peri-urban land reform processes around the developing world by addressing three specific gaps in the relevant social science literatures. These are the: 1) relative absence of Africa-based critical political analyses of urban environmental planning outside of South Africa, 2) comparative silence on African cities in African studies of dual reform (which are dominated by studies of elections and national economic policy), and 3) general lack of a critique in development geography of the substantial and geo-politically important amounts of Nordic aid to African cities in the dual reform era. This project incorporates Zanzibari researchers, broadening the participation of an underserved population, Sub-Saharan Africans, and enhancing the research networks of urban political ecology by developing linkages between Tanzania, Finland, and the US.