Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Law in post-Soviet Nation-building

项目摘要本研究项目将法律视为国家建设背景下社会变革的工具。具体地说，本文将通过对苏联解体后的乌克兰土地私有化的考察，来考察民主与市场之间的关系。田野调查将检验这样一种假设，即在乌克兰创造私有财产是在赋予寡头统治，而不是促进民主，并关注在经验上可以观察到的做法中有利于一方的条件。在辩论、起草和实施后社会主义重大立法项目的过程中，既动员了思想，也形成了网络，因为法律是用来改造社会的。因此，这项民族志研究的一部分将审查乌克兰土地私有化的规则和法律是如何在地方和国家层面上制定的。该项目的第二部分将调查乌克兰中部扎什基夫村周围集体农场实施私有化的做法。这项研究建立在有关财产和私有化的一系列先前工作的基础上，但将超越关于立法和监管的档案数据，并实时进行规则制定的民族志。该研究计划利用了一个独特的研究机会、实施期和立法微调，一直持续到2007年12月。根据2001年要求土地所有权私有化的法律，从2002年到2007年，土地将根据执行的法律和规则进行调查、所有权分配和分配，这些法律和规则仍在起草、争议和重写。通过之前在乌克兰的工作，研究人员认识了议会成员，在扎什科夫的集体农场进行了初步研究，精通俄语(许多乌克兰人说)和乌克兰语(政府出版物中使用的语言)。总体而言，这项研究有望加深我们对法律变革在国家建设中的作用以及私有财产所有权和代议制政府之间关系的理解。这项研究将为两个广泛领域的知识和理论提供信息：(1)法律、民主和市场：土地私有化处于乌克兰国家和市场形成的许多竞争过程的交叉点。乌克兰在国家建设过程中在多大程度上成为寡头政治或民主国家，这牵涉到一系列治理和新自由主义公民身份的问题。(2)跨国联系日益紧密的权力下放：乌克兰的法律变革同时在两个过程中发生：权力下放(不同的描述为非殖民化和国家建设)和全球化，新的跨国行为者、秩序和资本流动的创造。这项研究将产生广泛的影响。这项研究的成果将广泛传播给社会法律科学界以及文化人类学的学者。随着美国国务院继续强调在世界各地维护法治和民主化的必要性，这项研究将在美国人对此知之甚少的地区为这一努力做出贡献。该项目还将有助于乌克兰政策制定者和公民审查目前的私有化计划。

Project AbstractThis research project looks at law as a tool of social change in the context of nation building. Specifically, through an investigation of land privatization in post-Soviet Ukraine, this dissertation research will closely examine the relationships between democracy and markets. Fieldwork will test the hypothesis that creation of private property in Ukraine is endowing an oligarchy rather than fostering democracy, paying attention to conditions that favor one or the other in empirically observable practices. In the process of debating, drafting and implementing the major legislative projects of post-socialism, both ideas and networks are mobilized and formed as law is used to remake society. Accordingly, one part of this ethnographic research will examine how rules and laws for land privatization in Ukraine get set, both at local and national levels. The second part of the project will investigate practices surrounding the implementation of privatization on collective farms around the central Ukrainian village of Zhashkiv.The research builds on a body of prior work on property and privatization, but will go beyond archival data on legislation and regulation with ethnography of rulemaking in real time. The research plan takes advantage of a unique research opportunity, a period of implementation and legislative fine-tuning running until December 2007. According to the 2001 law that mandates privatizing ownership of land, from 2002 through 2007 land is to be surveyed, titled, allocated, and distributed according to Implementing laws and rules that are still being written, disputed, and rewritten. From prior work in Ukraine, the researcher is acquainted with members of parliament, has conducted preliminary research at the collective farms in Zhashkiv, and is proficient in both Russian (spoken by many Ukrainians) and Ukrainian (the language used in government publications). Overall, this research promises to enhance our understanding of the role of legal change in nation-building and the relationship between private property ownership and representative government. The research will inform knowledge and theory on two broad areas:(1) Law, Democracy, and Markets: Land privatization lies at the intersection of many processes of contesting the formation of state and market in Ukraine. To what extent Ukraine in the course of nation building becomes an oligarchy or democracy implicates a range of questions of governmentality and neoliberal citizenship.(2) Decentralization amid growing transnational ties: Legal change in Ukraine is taking place in the midst of two simultaneous processes: decentralization (described variously as decolonization and nation-building) and globalization, the creation of new transnational actors, orders, and capital flows.The research will have broad impact. The outcome of this research will be disseminated broadly to the socio-legal science community as well as to scholars in cultural anthropology. As the U.S. state department continues to emphasize the need for upholding the rule of law and democratization around the world, this study will contribute to that effort in a part of the world about which Americans know little. The project will also be useful to Ukrainian policy makers and citizens as they examine current privatization plans.