S&S Scholars Award: Sciences of Memory in the Twentieth Century

项目概述目的：自传体记忆在19世纪成为持续科学研究的焦点，近年来也成为心理学研究中最具争议性的话题之一。这个项目将考察记忆科学在英美社会中的兴起。它始于19世纪末，当时新兴的心理学领域正在产生戏剧性的新方法来研究过去的事件是如何被经历和记录的。然后，它研究了一系列追踪记忆科学命运的相关事件，以20世纪80年代和90年代的记忆战争结束。一个中心目标是检查心理学专业知识不断变化的法律和文化地位。该项目研究了实验、犯罪和案例对记忆法律地位的影响，以及记忆研究如何受到法律的影响。在更广泛的科学和法律研究中也讨论了类似的问题，但在司法程序的法庭关键方面所表现出的记忆没有得到持续的历史研究。该项目还研究了记忆和媒体之间的关系。二十世纪的新记录技术(特别是磁带录音机和电影)成为技术记忆的模型，并由此引出了内部记忆的模型。这个项目调查了记忆研究人员是如何采用新技术的，以及这种拨款是如何针对特定社区的关切而定制的。方法：PI选择了一些具体的事件进行详细的档案调查，而不是试图通过更全面的方法来衡量如此广泛的主题。这种方法允许项目构建成一个按时间顺序宽泛、适当的上下文和丰富的档案的帐户。从这些事件中，出现了一个连贯的叙事。但它们也提供了对个人记忆在不同背景和不同时期如何理解的比较理解。作为一个整体，这项研究将是一个细粒度的社会历史描述，对于这个主题来说，这是一个相当新的主题，它考察了不同的选民如何提出主张并捍卫其权威的合法性。它冒险进入法庭、心理实验室、精神病学咨询室和大众媒体。由于记忆辩论构成了一个外行公众可以声称拥有直觉知识的领域，这部历史对现代科学专业知识的命运提供更广泛理解的潜力尤其有希望。由心理学家、内科医生、精神分析学家、外科医生和其他专家组成的范围异常广泛的社区声称记忆是他们专业知识的对象。因此，记忆的历史可以为我们提供一个很好的案例，通过它我们可以询问专家群体之间的关系，以及他们与公众之间的关系。学术价值：该项目具有内在价值，它将通过一个尚未获得重大学术研究的主要领域进行规划。其次，它发展了对科学和媒体之间关系的新理解，作为对科学和媒体意义的相互建构的考察。第三，它为科学在法律中的作用发展了一种新的视角，在这个领域吸引的学术研究比它应得的要少。更广泛的影响：这项研究应该引起学术界以外的兴趣，因为它对非专业人士和专家信念之间关系的观点将加强我们对现代社会及其代表--陪审团--如何评估证人证词的理解，证人证词仍然是刑事审判中的典型证据形式。这项研究的结果不仅将在学术期刊上传播，而且还将在一本面向专家和非专业读者的书中传播。

Project Summary Objectives: Autobiographical memory became the focus of sustained scientific study in the nineteenth century, and in recent generations it has become one of the most controversial topics of psychological research. This project will examine the rise of memory science in Anglo-American society. It begins at the end of the nineteenth century, when nascent psychological fields were producing dramatically new approaches to the study of how past events were experienced and recorded. It then examines a series of related episodes tracking the fate of memory science, ending with the memory wars of the 1980s and 1990s.A central objective is to examine the changing legal and cultural status of psychological expertise. The project studies the effects of experiments, crimes, and cases on the legal status of memory, and how memory research was affected by the law. Similar questions have been discussed in broader studies of science and the law, but memory as exhibited in the courtrooma crucial aspect of judicial processes has not received a sustained historical study. The project also examines the relationship between memory and media. The new recording technologies of the twentieth century (especially tape recorders and motion-pictures) became models of technological memory, and from them have been drawn models of internal memory. This project examines how new technologies were taken up by memory researchers, and how such appropriations were tailored to the concerns of particular communities. Methods: The PI has selected a number of specific episodes for detailed archival investigation, rather than attempting to take the measure of such a vast subject by a more comprehensive approach. This approach allows the project to build into an account that is at once chronologically broad, properly contextual, and richly archival. A coherent narrative emerges from these episodes. But they also furnish a comparative understanding of how personal memory was understood in different contexts and periods. The study as a whole will be a fine-grained social-historical account quite new for this subject that examines how different constituencies have staked claims and defended the legitimacy of their authority. It ventures into the courtroom, the psychological laboratory, the psychiatric consulting room, and popular media. Since memory debates constituted a field in which the lay public could claim to have intuitive knowledge, the potential of this history to deliver broader understandings of the fate of scientific expertise in the modern era is especially promising. And an unusually diverse range of communities of experts psychologists, physicians, psychoanalysts, surgeons, and others laid claim to memory as the object of their expertise. The history of memory can thus provide a good case through which we can interrogate the relationship between expert communities, and between them and the public. Intellectual merit : The project has intrinsic value in the path it will chart through a major area that has not as yet received significant scholarship. Second, it develops a new understanding of the relationship between science and media as an examination of the reciprocal construction of meaning in science and in media. Third, it develops a new perspective on the role of science in the law, in an area that has drawn less scholarship than it deserves. Broader impacts : This study should be of interest beyond the academic community, because its perspective on the relationship between lay and expert beliefs will enhance our understanding of how modern society, and its representatives -- juries -- appraise witness testimony, still the archetypal form of evidence in criminal trials. The result of this research will be disseminated not only in scholarly journals but also in a book addressed to both specialist and lay audiences.