S&S Scholars Award: Sciences of Memory in the Twentieth Century

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• 批准号: 0551856
• 负责人: Alison Winter
• 金额: $ 15.55万
• 依托单位: University of Chicago
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-07-01 至 2009-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0551856&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: S& Scholars; Award; Sciences; Memory

Project Summary Objectives: Autobiographical memory became the focus of sustained scientific study in the nineteenth century, and in recent generations it has become one of the most controversial topics of psychological research. This project will examine the rise of memory science in Anglo-American society. It begins at the end of the nineteenth century, when nascent psychological fields were producing dramatically new approaches to the study of how past events were experienced and recorded. It then examines a series of related episodes tracking the fate of memory science, ending with the memory wars of the 1980s and 1990s.A central objective is to examine the changing legal and cultural status of psychological expertise. The project studies the effects of experiments, crimes, and cases on the legal status of memory, and how memory research was affected by the law. Similar questions have been discussed in broader studies of science and the law, but memory as exhibited in the courtrooma crucial aspect of judicial processes has not received a sustained historical study. The project also examines the relationship between memory and media. The new recording technologies of the twentieth century (especially tape recorders and motion-pictures) became models of technological memory, and from them have been drawn models of internal memory. This project examines how new technologies were taken up by memory researchers, and how such appropriations were tailored to the concerns of particular communities. Methods: The PI has selected a number of specific episodes for detailed archival investigation, rather than attempting to take the measure of such a vast subject by a more comprehensive approach. This approach allows the project to build into an account that is at once chronologically broad, properly contextual, and richly archival. A coherent narrative emerges from these episodes. But they also furnish a comparative understanding of how personal memory was understood in different contexts and periods. The study as a whole will be a fine-grained social-historical account quite new for this subject that examines how different constituencies have staked claims and defended the legitimacy of their authority. It ventures into the courtroom, the psychological laboratory, the psychiatric consulting room, and popular media. Since memory debates constituted a field in which the lay public could claim to have intuitive knowledge, the potential of this history to deliver broader understandings of the fate of scientific expertise in the modern era is especially promising. And an unusually diverse range of communities of experts psychologists, physicians, psychoanalysts, surgeons, and others laid claim to memory as the object of their expertise. The history of memory can thus provide a good case through which we can interrogate the relationship between expert communities, and between them and the public. Intellectual merit : The project has intrinsic value in the path it will chart through a major area that has not as yet received significant scholarship. Second, it develops a new understanding of the relationship between science and media as an examination of the reciprocal construction of meaning in science and in media. Third, it develops a new perspective on the role of science in the law, in an area that has drawn less scholarship than it deserves. Broader impacts : This study should be of interest beyond the academic community, because its perspective on the relationship between lay and expert beliefs will enhance our understanding of how modern society, and its representatives -- juries -- appraise witness testimony, still the archetypal form of evidence in criminal trials. The result of this research will be disseminated not only in scholarly journals but also in a book addressed to both specialist and lay audiences.

项目摘要 目的：自传体记忆在世纪成为持续的科学研究的焦点，在最近几代人中，它已经成为心理学研究中最有争议的话题之一。这个项目将研究记忆科学在英美社会的兴起。它开始于19世纪末，当时新兴的心理学领域产生了引人注目的新方法来研究过去的事件是如何经历和记录的。然后，本文回顾了以20世纪80年代和90年代的记忆之战为终结的一系列记忆科学的历史事件，重点考察了心理学专业知识的法律的地位和文化地位的变化。该项目研究了实验、犯罪和案件对记忆的法律的地位的影响，以及记忆研究如何受到法律的影响。在更广泛的科学和法律研究中也讨论过类似的问题，但在法庭上展示的记忆是司法程序的关键方面，还没有得到持续的历史研究。该项目还研究了记忆和媒体之间的关系。20世纪世纪的新记录技术（特别是磁带录音机和电影）成为技术记忆的模型，并从它们中得出内部记忆的模型。该项目研究了新技术是如何被记忆研究人员采用的，以及这种拨款是如何根据特定社区的关注量身定制的。研究方法：PI选择了一些具体的事件进行详细的档案调查，而不是试图通过更全面的方法来衡量这样一个庞大的主题。这种方法允许项目构建成一个时间顺序广泛、适当上下文和丰富档案的帐户。从这些事件中出现了一个连贯的叙述。但它们也提供了一个比较理解个人记忆是如何理解在不同的背景和时期。这项研究作为一个整体，将是一个细粒度的社会历史帐户相当新的这一主题，探讨如何不同的选区已经立桩索赔和捍卫他们的权威的合法性。它冒险进入法庭、心理实验室、精神病咨询室和大众媒体。由于记忆辩论构成了一个领域，在这个领域，外行人可以声称自己拥有直觉知识，这段历史的潜力，以提供更广泛的理解，在现代科学专业知识的命运是特别有希望的。此外，一个由心理学家、内科医生、精神分析学家、外科医生和其他专家组成的异常多样化的群体声称，记忆是他们的专长。因此，记忆的历史可以提供一个很好的案例，通过它我们可以询问专家社区之间的关系，以及他们与公众之间的关系。智力优点：该项目具有内在价值的路径，它将通过一个尚未获得重大奖学金的主要领域。其次，它发展了一个新的理解之间的关系，科学和媒体的意义的相互建设的检查。第三，它为科学在法律中的作用开辟了一个新的视角，在这个领域，学术界对它的关注比它应得的要少。更广泛的影响：这项研究应该超越学术界的兴趣，因为它对外行和专家信念之间关系的看法将增进我们对现代社会及其代表-陪审团-如何评价证人证词的理解，证人证词仍然是刑事审判中证据的原型形式。这项研究的结果将不仅在学术期刊上传播，而且还将在一本面向专业和非专业读者的书中传播。