CSEDI Collaborative Research: Geochemical Structure and Dynamics of the Mantle Below the East African Rift System

东非裂谷系（EARS）是地球上唯一可以研究跨越4000万年火山作用的大陆基性熔岩的地球化学和同位素组成的地方。 这种地球化学信息必须与现代地球物理和地震信息结合使用，以解决关于地球深部特征与地表特征之间关系的基本地球动力学问题。利用有限地幔深度范围的数值模式，重点研究了上地幔温度和成分的演化。在EARS的地质和地球化学观测提供了很强的约束的时间和地幔中的熔融形成的位置。动态建模提供了以自洽的方式预测熔体形成的能力，并对熔化的温度、深度和速率进行定量估计。我们还将对富MgO的EARS玄武岩进行全面的地球化学研究。新的地球化学和同位素（Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-He）数据，再加上现有的数据从文献中，将被用来确定分布的化学不同的水库，维持EARS岩浆活动。微量元素和同位素地球化学数据使上地幔成分结构的细化，并将有助于约束合理的动力学模型。我们的主要假设是，一个或多个羽流从地球内部带来热物质，在EARS岩石圈以下融化，因为我们发现很难理解如果没有这种深层运输，如何能够产生长寿和大量的火山活动。一项敏感性研究将使我们能够估计非羽流模型是否以及如何预测EARS中观察到的熔体生成的时间和位置。对于羽流模型，我们将评估各种动力学方案，结合示踪剂技术，以测试是否可以满足一个单一的成分不均匀羽流的地球化学特征和体积的观测分布的岩浆产品沿着EARS。由此产生的动力学模型将加强我们对EARS，非洲超井和最终非洲超级羽的起源的理解。具有相互支持的专门知识领域（弗曼微量元素地球化学、布莱斯亲石放射性同位素地球化学、格雷厄姆氦同位素地球化学）的地球化学家与地球化学家/数值模拟师（货车Keken）之间的合作将在观测和理论工作之间提供急需的互动。 这项工作的结果将纳入参与大学的住宿和电子交付课程，包括几所历史上的黑人学院和大学。我们将支持宾夕法尼亚州立大学、密歇根州和新罕布什尔州的研究生，将这一代科学家引入跨学科研究和合作。

The East African Rift System (EARS) is the only place on the planet where the geochemical and isotopic compositions of continental mafic lavas spanning 40 million years of volcanism can be studied. This geochemical information must be used in conjunction with modern geophysical and seismic information to address fundamental geodynamic questions about the relationship between features of the deep Earth and those at the surface. We focus on the evolution of upper mantle temperature and composition by using numerical models of limited mantle depth extent. Geological and geochemical observations in the EARS provide strong constraints on the timing and location of melt formation in the mantle. The dynamical modeling provides the ability to predict the formation of melt in a self-consistent manner and make quantitative estimates of the temperature, depth and rate of melting. We will also pursue a comprehensive geochemical study of select MgO-rich EARS basalts. New geochemical and isotopic (Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-He) data, coupled with existing data from the literature, will be used to define the distribution of chemically distinct reservoirs that sustain EARS magmatism. Trace element and isotope geochemical data enable refinement of the compositional structure of the upper mantle and will help constrain reasonable dynamical models. Our main hypothesis is that one or more plumes bring hot material from the Earths interior to melt below the EARS lithosphere, since we find it difficult to understand how long-lived and voluminous volcanism can be generated without such deep transport. A sensitivity study will allow us to estimate whether and how non-plume models can predict the timing and location of melt generation observed in the EARS. For plume models, we will assess a variety of dynamical scenarios by incorporating tracer techniques to test whether the observed distribution of geochemical signatures and volumes of magmatic products along the EARS can be satisfied with a single compositionally heterogeneous plume. The resulting dynamical models will enhance our understanding of the origin of the EARS, the African superswell and eventually the African superplume. The collaboration between geochemists with mutually supporting areas of expertise (Furman trace element geochemistry, Bryce lithophile radiogenic isotope geochemistry, Graham helium isotope geochemistry) and a geophysicist / numerical modeler (van Keken) will provide a much-needed interaction between observational and theoretical efforts. The results of the work will be incorporated into residential and electronic delivery courses at the participating universities, including several Historically Black Colleges and Universities. We will support graduate students at Penn State, Michigan and New Hampshire, introducing this next generation of scientists to interdisciplinary research and collaboration.