SGER: Geomorphic and Human Consequences of the October 8, 2005, Northern Pakistan Earthquake

2005年10月8日巴基斯坦北部地震对地貌和人类的影响当地时间2005年10月8日上午8点50分，巴基斯坦北部发生7.6级地震，震动了克什米尔地区，造成了南亚近代历史上最严重的地震。报告估计死亡人数在23,000到41,000之间，至少有50,000人受伤，250万人无家可归。10月11日的暴雨减缓了救援工作，引发了洪水和山体滑坡，加剧了救援效果。评估这类事件的地形和人类后果对于补救和减轻地震灾害至关重要，特别是考虑到该地区人口众多和发展迅速。此外，确定相关地貌影响的性质对于人类和环境保护、制定构造和地貌风险评估策略以及确定地震在景观演变中的作用至关重要。以前只对喜马拉雅地区大地震的地貌影响进行了两项研究（1991年的Garhwal喜马拉雅和1999年的Garhwal喜马拉雅），因此，最近的这一事件提供了一个机会，可以确定和量化景观动态的速率，并将其与早期的研究进行比较，以帮助减轻灾害和地貌研究。这项研究将对这次地震对地形和人类的影响进行研究。这将包括：1)识别和评估地震对地形和人类的影响；2)制定地质和医疗战略，以便在该地区立即进行补救；3)地震地貌性质表征；4)构造诱发的地表过程和地貌对喜马拉雅环境短期和长期景观演化的重要性评价；5)制作该地区的灾害图；6)提出了未来可能发生地震的救援和补救策略。为了检查地震对地形和人类的直接影响，我们将于2005年11月初访问该地区。这将有助于记录影响，并使调查人员能够帮助提供该地区恢复的战略。这项研究将集中在Muzaffarabad和Balakot这两个受灾最严重的地区，并将结合使用制图、地貌分析和遥感技术来测量和检查影响的性质和分布。研究结果将被开发成地理信息系统，供当地人用于未来的规划，并将为一个更大的项目提供基础，研究人员希望开发并提交给美国国家科学基金会，以检查巴基斯坦和印度北部喜马拉雅地区的地震和地貌危害。此外，地震诱发的地表过程将被量化，以帮助确定喜马拉雅地貌的地形演化是气候主导还是构造主导。该奖项是与国际科学与工程办公室共同资助的。

Geomorphic and human consequences of the October 8, 2005, Northern Pakistan EarthquakePI: Lewis A. Owen, Department of Geology, University of CincinnatiAt 8:50 am local time on October 8, 2005, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake, located in northern Pakistan, shook Kashmir, resulting in the deadliest quake in South Asia's recent history. Reports estimate the number of fatalities to be between 23,000 and 41,000, with at least 50,000 people injured, and 2.5 million left homeless. Heavy rains on October 11, exasperated the effects by slowing the relief efforts, and initiating floods and landslides. Assessing the topographic and human consequences of such an event is essential for remediation and seismic hazard mitigation, particularly given the immense population and rapid development of the region. Furthermore, determining the nature of the associated geomorphic effects is vital for human and environmental protection, for developing strategies for tectonic and geomorphic risk assessment, and for determining the role of earthquakes in landscape evolution. Only two previous studies (Garhwal Himalaya in 1991 and 1999) of the geomorphic effects of large earthquakes in the Himalaya has been undertaken, and therefore this recent event provides an opportunity to determine and quantify rates of landscape dynamics and compare it with the earlier studies to aid in hazard mitigation and geomorphic studies. The research will undertake a study of thetopographic and human consequences of this earthquake. This will include: 1) identification and assessment of the topographic and human consequences of the earthquake; 2) development of geologic and medical strategies for immediate remediation in the region; 3) characterization of the nature of earthquake-induced landforms; 4) assessment of the importance of tectonic-induced earth surface processes and landforms for the short- and long-term landscape evolution of Himalayan environments; 5) production of hazard maps for the region; and 6) proposed strategies for relief and remediate in the likelihood of future earthquakes.To examine the immediate topographic and human impact of the earthquake, the region will be visited in early November, 2005. This will allow documentation of the effects and will enable the investigators to help provide strategies for the recovery of the region. The study will focus on the two hardest hit regions, Muzaffarabad and Balakot, and will use a combination of mapping, geomorphic analysis and remote sensing techniques to measure and examine the nature and distribution of the effects. The results will be developed into geographical information system, which can be used by the local people for future planning, and will provide the foundation for a larger project that the investigators wish to develop and submit to NSF to examine seismic and geomorphic hazards throughout the Himalaya of northern Pakistan and India. Furthermore, the earthquake-induce earth surface processes will be quantified to help determine the whether the topographic evolution of Himalayan landscapes are climate- or tectonic-dominated. This award is cofunded with the Office of International Science and Engineering.