Towards Quantitative Photoemission Experiments

非技术：新颖的工具长期以来在科学发现中起着关键作用。角度分辨光谱学（ARPES），源于爱因斯坦光电效应的思想，就是这样一种工具，它可以产生关于固体内部电子微观行为的直接和独特的信息。它提供了我们了解固体物理性质最需要的东西：电子的方向、速度和碰撞过程。在过去的二十年里，分辨率的提高使这项技术影响了当今一些最重要的物理问题，例如高温超导性。该计划的目标是将ARPES实验提升到一个更高的水平，成为一种量化工具，以获得其他手段无法获得的信息。这种更高精度的测量能力将有助于扩大“宇宙的发现”。该计划将产生以下广泛的好处：i)新的测量能力和方法的发展将使更广泛的科学界受益；Ii)通过合作和跨学科研究培养研究生和本科生；Iii)向全世界传播关键成果，以促进我们对新型固体的理解；所开发的一些技术将来可能会在工业上得到应用。技术：角分辨光谱学（ARPES）已经成为研究凝聚态物质系统的主要实验工具，特别是以高温超导体为例的复杂材料。在过去的二十年中，重要的科学思想、仪器的进步、新材料的发现和复杂的数据分析技术的融合使这些进步成为可能。展望未来，ARPES有望通过探索新材料和测试新想法，在凝聚态物理领域产生更大的影响。该计划的目标是将ARPES实验提升到一个更高的水平，成为探测复杂材料电子结构的定量工具，并获得其他手段无法获得的信息。该方法是仪器开发和实验测量的结合。具体而言，建议：i)进一步提高实验能力，包括向亚mev分辨率努力；Ii)对模型系统进行深入研究；Iii)研究强相关物质，例如铜和锰。

Non-Technical:Novel tools have long played a pivotal role in scientific discoveries. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), derived from Einstein's idea of photoelectric effect, is such a tool that yields direct and unique information about the microscopic behavior of electrons inside solids. It provides what we need the most to understand the physical properties of a solid: the direction, speed, and collision processes of electrons. Over the last two decades, the improved resolution has allowed this technique to influence some of the most important physics questions today, for example the high-temperature superconductivity. The objective of the proposed program is to bring the ARPES experiment to an even higher level, towards becoming a quantitative tool to gain information that cannot be obtained by other means. This higher precision measurement capability will help expand the "universe for discoveries". This program will yield the following broad benefits: i) development of new measurement capability and methodology will benefit a broader scientific community; ii) training graduate and undergraduate students through collaborative and interdisciplinary research; iii) communication of key results to world-wide community to advance our understanding of novel solids; iv) some of the techniques developed may find industrial applications in the future.Technical:Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has emerged as a leading experimental tool to investigate condensed matter systems, in particular the complex materials exemplified by the high-temperature superconductors. The progress during the last two decades was made possible by a confluence of important scientific ideas, advancement in instrumentation, discovery of new materials and sophisticated data analysis technique. Looking towards the future, ARPES is expected to have even bigger impact in condensed matter physics by exploring new materials and testing new ideas. The objective of the proposed program is to bring the ARPES experiment to an even higher level, towards becoming a quantitative tool to probe the electronic structure of complex materials and to gain information that cannot be obtained by other means. The method is a combined effort on instrumentation development and experimental measurement. Specifically, it is proposed: i) to further advance the experimental capabilities, including efforts toward sub-meV resolution; ii) to perform in depth study of model systems; iii) to investigate strongly correlated materials, exemplified by the cuprates and manganties.