Collaborative Research: Study of Dam/Reservoir-Induced Hydrologic Changes in Siberian Regions: Regional Analysis to Pan-Arctic Synthesis

人类和水文学是北极系统的动态组成部分。它们在许多方面密切互动和相互影响。人类-水文关系的研究是NSF、ARCS和HARC项目的主要共同兴趣之一。最近，这两个项目都将北极人-水文关系确定为一个主要的研究空白，并都建议开展更多的研究工作，以确定人类活动部门和北极地区之间的这种关系。目前，只有少数几个案例探讨了这种关系，主要是调查北极水文变化对北方社会和文化的影响。然而，重要的是要指出，研究人类对北极水文系统的影响也是一项巨大的挑战，是ARCS方案中的一个重大研究空白。虽然各种人类活动--如工业和灌溉用水，以及土地利用和土地覆盖的变化--影响着水文状况，但大型水坝和水库的建设和运行对区域-全球水文系统的影响最大。在北部地区/流域，许多大型水坝和水库的建设主要是为了防洪和发电，它们的运行极大地改变了河流的径流、泥沙和热力条件。大型水坝直接和显著地调节径流；它们在空间和时间上改变月度和季节流量规律，并影响流域尺度的年径流特征。必须指出的是，与气候影响相比，大坝的影响要直接得多，往往会导致区域水文状况的突变，从而显著影响长期趋势，特别是在季节和区域范围内。最近对西伯利亚大河水文变化的分析表明，由于水库调节，在流域出口收集的流量记录并不总是代表自然变化和变化；这些记录往往低估了夏季的自然径流趋势，高估了冬季和秋季的趋势。有必要记录和了解大型水坝对北极水文变化的影响程度。PI的研究将专门寻求量化大型水库对西伯利亚地区水文变化的影响。此外，他们还将综合加拿大、北欧国家和西伯利亚的区域分析，对大坝对北极水文系统的影响及其过去的变化进行全面的泛北极评估。智力优势：由于水库调节在北部地区非常强大和直接，我们必须了解大坝的影响，然后才能确定对气候变化和北极大流域变化的水文响应。我们目前对水库对北极水文变化的影响的了解是不完整的，这限制了我们理解北极水文系统观察到的长期变化的能力。这项拟议的研究将清楚地记录北部地区的大坝和水库，并定量评估它们对区域水文变化的影响。这一知识对于实现系统层面了解北极及其变化的ARCS目标非常重要。这项研究将产生西伯利亚全境的自然径流数据；这些数据将对气候模型验证和大规模水收支分析有价值。这些结果将促进我们对北极系统的功能、相互作用和变化的理解，并有利于国家和国际项目，如NSF/ARCS、HARC、WCRP/Gewex和CLIC。

Humans and hydrology are the dynamic components of the arctic system. They closely interact and affect each other in many ways. Study of Human-Hydrological relationships is one key common interest for the NSF ARCSS and HARC programs. Recently, both programs have identified the Arctic Human-Hydrological Relationship as a major research gap, and both recommend more research efforts to characterize this relationship across sectors of human activity and Arctic regions. Currently this relationship has been explored in only a few cases that mainly investigate how Arctic hydrologic changes influence northern society and culture. It is, however, important to note that the study of human impacts on the arctic hydrologic system is also a great challenge and is a major research gap in the ARCSS programs. While various human activities -- such as water use for industry and irrigation, and change of land use and land cover -- affect hydrology regimes, construction and operation of large dams and reservoirs make the most significant changes in regional-global hydrology systems.Many large dams and reservoirs have been constructed mainly for flood control and hydropower generation in the northern regions/watersheds, and their operation substantially alters river streamflow, sediment and thermal conditions. Large dams directly and significantly regulate streamflow; they change monthly and seasonal discharge regimes over space and time, and they affect yearly streamflow characteristics at the basin scale. It is important to note that, relative to climatic effects, dam impacts are much more direct and often cause abrupt changes in regional hydrologic regimes, thus significantly affecting long-term trends, especially at seasonal and regional scales. Recent analyses of hydrologic changes in large Siberian Rivers demonstrate that, due to reservoir regulation, discharge records collected at the basin outlet do not always represent natural changes and variations; these records tend to underestimate the natural runoff trends in summer and overestimate trends for winter and autumn. There is a need to document and understand to what extent large dams affect arctic hydrology changes. The PI's research will specifically seek to quantify how large reservoirs impact Siberian regional hydrologic changes. In addition, they will synthesize regional analyses from Canada, Nordic countries and Siberia to achieve a comprehensive pan-Arctic assessment of dam effect on the arctic hydrology system and its past change.Intellectual merit: Because reservoir regulation is very strong and direct in the northern regions, we must understand dam effects before we can determine hydrologic response to climate change and variation in the large arctic watersheds. Our current knowledge of reservoir effects on arctic hydrologic changes is incomplete and this limits our capability to understand the long-term changes observed in Arctic hydrologic system. This proposed research will clearly document dams and reservoirs in the northern regions and quantitatively assess their impacts on regional hydrologic changes. This knowledge is important to the ARCSS goal of a system-level understanding of the Arctic and its change. This research will produce naturalized streamflow data across Siberia; such data will be valuable for climate model validation and large-scale water budget analyses. These results will advance our understanding of the functions, interactions, and changes in the Arctic system and benefit national and international programs, such as the NSF/ARCSS, HARC, WCRP/GEWEX, and CLIC.