Alliance and Landscape: Perry Mesa, Arizona in the Fourteenth Century

联盟与景观：十四世纪的亚利桑那州佩里梅萨

• 批准号: 0613201
• 负责人: David Abbott
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Arizona State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-08-15 至 2010-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0613201&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Alliance; Landscape; Perry; Mesa; Arizona

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. David Abbott and Dr. Katherine Spielmann will lead a multi-disciplinary team from Arizona State University, to conduct a two-year archaeological research project in central Arizona. Compelling evidence for endemic warfare during the late prehistoric times has been documented in many areas of the American Southwest, and some models postulate hostilities at a macro-regional level. Among them is the Verde Confederacy, which has been described as a highly coordinated alliance that encompassed 10,000-13,000 people at 135 settlements in the middle Verde River valley, Bloody Basin, and Perry Mesa during the 14th century. This confederacy is believed to have been aligned for conflict against a larger, irrigation-based Hohokam polity in the Phoenix basin to the south. Did marco-regional warfare perpetrated by large-scale alliances truly exist during the 1300s in central Arizona? If it did, how was the Verde Confederacy organized and what was the web of relations within it? If it did not, at what scale(s) did alliances develop in the increasing hostile landscape of the late prehistoric period?To address these questions, a three-component strategy has been formulated, using ceramic, architectural, and paleoclimatic data. By tracing ceramic transactions, this project investigates the local, regional, and macro-regional networks of social interaction among members of the proposed Verde Confederacy, and between them and their postulated Hohokam enemies. The Verde Confederacy model predicts numerous social and economic ties and the transfer of goods among the confederacy members. A ceramic compositional study, aided by petrographic thin section analysis and chemical assays with an electron microprobe, categorizes the pottery from different portions of the confederacy according to provenance, providing the means to trace the movement of pots across central Arizona. In addition, architectural and paleoclimatic evidence is used to evaluate the extent to which the local and regional settlement patterns were dictated by a defensive strategy implemented by a large-scale confederacy. According to the Verde Confederacy model, numerous settlements were newly established in the late 1200s on Perry Mesa to guard the alliance's western flank. This project determines if settlements were constructed as a unit to accommodate a population moving en masse to take up defensive positions. It also considers an alternative model for the Perry Mesa occupation by examining paleoclimatic indicators to determine if Perry Mesa was more conducive to farming at that time, as compared to deteriorating conditions in an abandoned foothills zone immediately to the south. The intellectual merit rests on addressing a key question in Southwest archaeology: What was the maximum scale at which polities organized themselves, and what were the forces and constraints that drove those developments? The broader impacts come from: 1) enhanced interaction with the Hopi and Yavapai peoples, whose ancestral territories included Perry Mesa and its immediate surroundings; 2) the integration of education and research that includes both undergraduate and graduate students; and 3) knowledge exchange with BLM and Tonto National Forest land managers who manage and interpret for the public the history and nature of the prehistoric occupation on Perry Mesa.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，大卫·阿博特博士和凯瑟琳·斯皮尔曼博士将领导亚利桑那州立大学的一个多学科团队，在亚利桑那州中部开展为期两年的考古研究项目。美国西南部许多地区都记录了史前晚期地方性战争的令人信服的证据，并且一些模型假设了宏观区域层面的敌对行动。其中包括佛得角联盟，它被描述为一个高度协调的联盟，在 14 世纪由分布在佛得角河谷中部、血腥盆地和佩里梅萨的 135 个定居点的 10,000-13,000 人组成。据信，这个联盟是为了与南部菲尼克斯盆地更大的、以灌溉为基础的霍霍卡姆政体发生冲突而结盟的。 1300年代亚利桑那州中部是否真的存在由大规模联盟发动的宏观区域战争？如果是的话，佛得角联盟是如何组织的以及其内部的关系网是什么？如果没有，在史前晚期日益敌对的环境中，联盟以什么规模发展？为了解决这些问题，我们利用陶瓷、建筑和古气候数据制定了一个由三部分组成的战略。通过追踪陶瓷交易，该项目调查了拟议的佛得角联盟成员之间以及他们与假定的霍霍卡姆敌人之间的本地、区域和宏观区域社会互动网络。佛得角邦联模型预测了邦联成员之间存在众多的社会和经济联系以及货物转移。在岩相薄片分析和电子探针化学分析的辅助下，一项陶瓷成分研究根据出处对来自联邦不同地区的陶器进行了分类，从而提供了追踪陶器在亚利桑那州中部的移动情况的方法。 此外，建筑和古气候证据用于评估当地和区域定居模式在多大程度上受大规模联盟实施的防御战略的影响。根据佛得角联盟的模型，1200 年代末在佩里梅萨新建了许多定居点，以保卫联盟的西侧。该项目确定定居点是否作为一个单元建造，以容纳集体移动以占据防御阵地的人口。它还考虑了佩里梅萨占领的替代模式，通过检查古气候指标来确定佩里梅萨当时是否更有利于农业，与紧邻南部的废弃山麓地区日益恶化的条件相比。智力价值在于解决西南考古学中的一个关键问题：政治组织自身的最大规模是多少，推动这些发展的力量和限制是什么？ 更广泛的影响来自：1）加强与霍皮人和亚瓦派人的互动，他们的祖先领地包括佩里梅萨及其周边地区； 2）教育与研究的一体化，包括本科生和研究生； 3) 与国土资源管理局和通托国家林地管理者进行知识交流，他们负责管理并向公众解释佩里梅萨史前占领的历史和性质。