Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: A Multi-Factor Analysis of the Emergence of a Specialist-Based Economy Among the Phoenix Basin Hohokam

在大卫·r·阿博特博士的监督下，索菲亚·凯利将分析她在亚利桑那州凤凰城盆地研究霍霍坎陶瓷时收集的陶器来源数据。这些数据将用于检查社会和经济因素，这些因素促成了史前时期该地区对专业陶器生产的广泛需求。这项研究有几个重要的原因。它提供了对在传统发展水平上促进有效社会运作的机制的深入了解。它还提供了对史前美洲一项重要成就的深入了解。史前霍霍坎经济为评估与集约化陶器制造相关的条件提供了一个理想的案例，因为它的特点是由相对较少的人制作的陶瓷器皿广泛分布。600多年来，霍霍坎家庭几乎完全依赖专家为他们提供陶器，他们用来烹饪、服务和储存食物。到公元11世纪中期，陶器生产商在一个地理区域制造了几乎所有的装饰容器，供这一广阔地区的2万多人使用。这种大型而复杂的经济通常与国家级社会相关联，是在缺乏明确的政治等级制度的情况下发展起来的。凯利的研究建立了一个模型，评估了四个因素在霍霍卡姆定居点对专业生产的红黄陶瓷需求发展中的作用。这些因素包括1)灌溉农业形式的农业集约化，2)人口密度的增加，3)需要生产特定工艺物品的仪式或社会义务，以及4)区域分配系统效率的提高。通过陶瓷来源分析，确定了凤凰盆地14个定居点的非本地陶器的数量和集中程度，估计了专家生产的陶器的需求。该项目产生的数据可以详细重建影响工艺生产组织的条件，并为以前所未有的精度模拟这些变化提供基础。该论文项目对研究古代经济的研究人员以及霍霍坎人、阿基梅尔人和托霍诺奥哈姆人的当代祖先都有价值。为了扩大她的研究的广泛影响，凯利与吉拉河印第安社区（GRIC）合作，将部落的研究兴趣纳入她的项目设计中。越来越多的考古证据表明，史前霍霍坎的陶瓷生产和交换是一个复杂的专业经济的一部分，这是当今奥哈姆社区的兴趣和骄傲之源。这项研究是对最近对部落博物馆、保留区文化资源教育计划和当地部落历史保护办公室的投资的及时补充。此外，该项目还包括在数据收集过程中对几名grc工作人员进行培训，部分结果将与grc考古学家共同撰写。本研究收集的数据将通过grc研究数据库提供，对结果的解释将通过报告、演示和向当地部落博物馆（Huhugam遗产中心）的贡献传播给社区。该项目的数据库将被归档到数字考古记录（tDAR）中。研究结果也将通过在国家会议上的发言和在同行评议的期刊上发表来传播。

Under the supervision of Dr. David R. Abbott, Sophia Kelly will analyze pottery provenance data gathered in her study of Hohokam ceramics in the Phoenix Basin, Arizona. The data will be used to examine the social and economic factors that contributed to widespread demand for specialized pottery production in this region during prehistory. The research has significance for several reasons. It provides insight into the mechanisms which facilitate effective societal functioning at a traditional level of development. It also provides insight into an important achievement in prehistoric America.The prehistoric Hohokam economy provides an ideal case to evaluate the conditions associated with intensive pottery manufacture, because it was characterized by the widespread distribution of ceramic vessels fashioned by a relatively small number of people. For over 600 years, Hohokam households relied almost entirely on specialists to supply them with the pottery that they used to cook, serve, and store food. By the mid eleventh century AD, pottery producers in one geographic area manufactured almost all of the decorated containers used by more than 20,000 people across this vast region. This type of large and complex economy, which is typically associated with state-level societies, developed in the absence of clear political hierarchies. Ms. Kelly's study builds a model that evaluates the role of four factors in the development of demand for specialist produced red-on-buff pottery in Hohokam settlements. The factors include 1) agricultural intensification in the form of irrigation agriculture, 2) increases in population density, 3) ritual or social obligations that require the production of particular craft items, and 4) improved efficiency of regional distribution systems. Demand for pottery produced by specialists is estimated through a ceramic sourcing analysis that determines the volume and concentration of non-local pottery at 14 Phoenix Basin settlements. The data generated from this project allow for a detailed reconstruction of the conditions that affect the organization of craft production over time and provide the basis to model these changes with unprecedented precision. This dissertation project is of value to researchers studying ancient economies, as well as to the contemporary ancestors of the Hohokam, the Akimel and Tohono O'odham. In order to extend the broader impact of her study, Kelly collaborated with the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) to incorporate the tribes research interests in her project design. Mounting archaeological evidence that prehistoric Hohokam ceramic production and exchange were part of a complex, specialist economy is a source of interest and pride for present-day O'odham communities. This study is a timely complement to recent investment in tribal museums, educational programs on cultural resources on the reservation, and the establishment of a local Tribal Historic Preservation Office. In addition, the project involves the training of several GRIC staff members during the data collection process and a portion of the results will be co-authored with GRIC archaeologists. The data collected in this study will be made available through GRIC research databases, and interpretation of the results will be disseminated to the community through reports, presentations, and contributions to the local tribal museum (Huhugam Heritage Center). The databases from this project will be filed with the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR). The research results will also be disseminated through presentations at national meetings and through publication in peer-reviewed journals.