Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: A Multi-Factor Analysis of the Emergence of a Specialist-Based Economy Among the Phoenix Basin Hohokam

在大卫R.阿伯特，索菲亚凯利将分析陶器原产地数据收集在她的研究霍霍坎陶瓷在凤凰城盆地，亚利桑那州。这些数据将用于研究史前时期该地区对专业陶器生产的广泛需求的社会和经济因素。这项研究具有重要意义有几个原因。它提供了深入了解的机制，促进有效的社会功能在传统的发展水平。它还提供了对史前美洲的一项重要成就的深入了解。史前霍霍坎经济为评估与密集制陶相关的条件提供了一个理想的案例，因为它的特点是由相对少数的人制作的陶瓷器皿的广泛分布。600多年来，霍霍坎家庭几乎完全依赖专家为他们提供陶器，他们用来烹饪，服务和储存食物。到公元世纪中期，一个地理区域的陶器生产商几乎生产了这个广阔地区2万多人使用的所有装饰容器。这种大型而复杂的经济，通常与国家一级的社会联系在一起，在没有明确的政治等级制度的情况下发展起来。凯利女士的研究建立了一个模型，评估了四个因素在霍霍坎定居点对专业生产的红底陶器需求发展中的作用。这些因素包括1）灌溉农业形式的农业集约化，2）人口密度的增加，3）需要生产特定工艺品的仪式或社会义务，以及4）提高区域分销系统的效率。对专家生产的陶器的需求是通过陶瓷采购分析来估计的，该分析确定了凤凰城盆地14个定居点的非本地陶器的数量和集中度。该项目产生的数据可以详细重建随着时间的推移影响工艺生产组织的条件，并为以前所未有的精度模拟这些变化提供基础。本论文项目是有价值的研究人员研究古代经济，以及当代祖先的Hohokam，Akimel和Tohono O'odham。为了扩大她的研究的更广泛的影响，凯利与吉拉河印第安社区（格里克）合作，将部落的研究兴趣纳入她的项目设计。越来越多的考古证据表明，史前霍霍坎陶瓷生产和交换是一个复杂的专业经济的一部分，这是当今奥德姆社区的兴趣和自豪感的来源。这项研究是一个及时的补充，最近在部落博物馆，文化资源的保留教育计划，并建立一个当地的部落历史保护办公室的投资。此外，该项目还包括在数据收集过程中对格里克的几名工作人员进行培训，部分结果将与格里克考古学家共同撰写。本研究中收集的数据将通过格里克研究数据库提供，结果的解释将通过报告，演示和对当地部落博物馆（Huhugam遗产中心）的贡献传播给社区。该项目的数据库将与数字考古记录（tDAR）一起归档。研究结果还将通过在国家会议上介绍和在同行评审的期刊上发表来传播。

Under the supervision of Dr. David R. Abbott, Sophia Kelly will analyze pottery provenance data gathered in her study of Hohokam ceramics in the Phoenix Basin, Arizona. The data will be used to examine the social and economic factors that contributed to widespread demand for specialized pottery production in this region during prehistory. The research has significance for several reasons. It provides insight into the mechanisms which facilitate effective societal functioning at a traditional level of development. It also provides insight into an important achievement in prehistoric America.The prehistoric Hohokam economy provides an ideal case to evaluate the conditions associated with intensive pottery manufacture, because it was characterized by the widespread distribution of ceramic vessels fashioned by a relatively small number of people. For over 600 years, Hohokam households relied almost entirely on specialists to supply them with the pottery that they used to cook, serve, and store food. By the mid eleventh century AD, pottery producers in one geographic area manufactured almost all of the decorated containers used by more than 20,000 people across this vast region. This type of large and complex economy, which is typically associated with state-level societies, developed in the absence of clear political hierarchies. Ms. Kelly's study builds a model that evaluates the role of four factors in the development of demand for specialist produced red-on-buff pottery in Hohokam settlements. The factors include 1) agricultural intensification in the form of irrigation agriculture, 2) increases in population density, 3) ritual or social obligations that require the production of particular craft items, and 4) improved efficiency of regional distribution systems. Demand for pottery produced by specialists is estimated through a ceramic sourcing analysis that determines the volume and concentration of non-local pottery at 14 Phoenix Basin settlements. The data generated from this project allow for a detailed reconstruction of the conditions that affect the organization of craft production over time and provide the basis to model these changes with unprecedented precision. This dissertation project is of value to researchers studying ancient economies, as well as to the contemporary ancestors of the Hohokam, the Akimel and Tohono O'odham. In order to extend the broader impact of her study, Kelly collaborated with the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) to incorporate the tribes research interests in her project design. Mounting archaeological evidence that prehistoric Hohokam ceramic production and exchange were part of a complex, specialist economy is a source of interest and pride for present-day O'odham communities. This study is a timely complement to recent investment in tribal museums, educational programs on cultural resources on the reservation, and the establishment of a local Tribal Historic Preservation Office. In addition, the project involves the training of several GRIC staff members during the data collection process and a portion of the results will be co-authored with GRIC archaeologists. The data collected in this study will be made available through GRIC research databases, and interpretation of the results will be disseminated to the community through reports, presentations, and contributions to the local tribal museum (Huhugam Heritage Center). The databases from this project will be filed with the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR). The research results will also be disseminated through presentations at national meetings and through publication in peer-reviewed journals.