Biometry, Heredity, and the History of Chance

生物统计、遗传和机会的历史

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    0622346
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    --
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2006
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2006-07-01 至 2009-06-30
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Project summaryIntellectual Merit. While Darwins theory of evolution emphasized chance in the sensethat variation should not be purposeful or lead directly to adaptation, it did notincorporate probability in the mathematical form of frequency distributions. Morecrucially, Darwin rejected any idea that chance in his theory involved absence of causes.Through the rest of the nineteenth century, the claim that a biological theory depended onchance in this sense was usually a basis for criticizing it. But the more-or-lesssimultaneous appearance in the early 1890s of a biometric science of heredity and of thesystematic study of discontinuous variation (including, by 1900, mutation theory andMendelism) made variation an explicit object of biological attention and theorizing.Such approaches involved chance in a much more central role. This proposal is part of a larger project on chance in the twentieth-century sciences. Itaddresses two important topics associated with chance and variation in early twentieth century biology. One is the relation between biometry and continuous or blendinginheritance. It appears that blending as a theory of heredity was endorsed by almostnobody in this period. The concept of blending inheritance was introduced in 1930 byR.A. Fisher as background for his own analysis of natural selection, and also to distancehimself from biometric predecessors such as Pearson. The biometricians, in fact, seemnever to have argued on principle against inheritance of discrete hereditary factors. Thereis instead a continuous history, beginning with Galtons version of Pangenesis, ofderiving the statistics from a particulate theory, or at least of using statistics to define theterms of a particulate theory. This point leads to the second main argument. Just as biometry was seen as compatible with particulate inheritance, Mendelism was in important ways statistical. The distinction between these rival programs was more subtle than historians have generally appreciated. Mendelian genetics as a kind of random process, with its segregation of genes and its mutations, was in effect a statistics of variation, and, conversely, the statistics of the biometricians involved the assumption of random processes, even in the hereditary factors. The controversy of biometry and Mendelism was real, of course, but it may be appropriate in some respects to see them as rival versions of a common program rather than fundamentally incompatible ones. One aspect that united them was their growing reliance on chance. Broader Impacts. The work is intended to lead in the longer term to a short book for a relatively wide audience on the immense role of chance in science in the twentieth century. Such work will contribute to popular understanding regarding a scientific issue that has remained a subject of lively discussion and debate, especially with respect to biological evolution.
项目总结智力功绩。虽然达尔文的进化论强调了偶然性,因为变化不应该是有目的的,也不应该直接导致适应,但它并没有以频率分布的数学形式来描述公司概率。更重要的是,达尔文拒绝接受任何关于他的理论中的偶然性意味着没有因果的观点。在19世纪的其余时间里,生物学理论依赖于这种意义上的偶然性的主张通常是批评它的基础。但是,在19世纪90年代早期,遗传的生物统计学科学和对不连续变异的系统研究(到1900年,包括突变理论和孟德尔学说)的或多或少的同时出现,使变异成为生物学关注和理论的明确对象。这些方法涉及到更核心的作用的机会。这项提议是二十世纪科学中一个更大的项目的一部分。它阐述了与二十世纪早期生物学中的机会和变异有关的两个重要主题。一个是生物测量学与连续或混合遗传之间的关系。似乎混合遗传理论在这一时期几乎没有人认可。混合遗传的概念是由R.A.费舍尔在1930年提出的,作为他自己对自然选择的分析的背景,也是为了与皮尔逊等生物统计学的前辈保持距离。事实上,生物鉴定学家似乎从来没有在原则上反对离散遗传因素的遗传。相反,从加尔顿斯版的《泛创世纪》开始,有一段连续的历史,从粒子理论中得出统计学,或者至少使用统计学来定义粒子理论的术语。这一点引出了第二个主要论点。正如生物计量学被认为与颗粒遗传兼容一样,孟德尔主义在重要的统计学方面也是如此。这些相互竞争的项目之间的区别比历史学家通常所理解的要微妙得多。孟德尔遗传学作为一种随机过程,其基因及其突变的分离,实际上是对变异的统计,相反,生物计量学家的统计涉及随机过程的假设,甚至在遗传因素中也是如此。当然,关于生物测量学和门德尔主义的争论是真实的,但在某些方面,将它们视为共同程序的竞争版本可能是恰当的,而不是从根本上不兼容的版本。让他们团结在一起的一个方面是他们越来越依赖机会。更广泛的影响。这项工作的目的是在更长的时间内为相对广泛的读者撰写一本关于20世纪偶然性在科学中的巨大作用的短书。这样的工作将有助于公众对这一科学问题的理解,这一问题一直是一个活跃的讨论和辩论的主题,特别是在生物进化方面。

项目成果

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Theodore Porter其他文献

Theodore Porter的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Theodore Porter', 18)}}的其他基金

Institutionalized Heredity: Asylums, Statistics, and the Origins of Human Genetics
制度化遗传:庇护所、统计数据和人类遗传学的起源
  • 批准号:
    1027100
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    --
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Karl Pearson: Lives of a Statistician
卡尔·皮尔逊:统计学家的一生
  • 批准号:
    0080104
  • 财政年份:
    2000
  • 资助金额:
    --
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Karl Pearson's Biometric Laboratory and the Spread of Statistical Methods in Science
卡尔·皮尔逊的生物识别实验室和统计方法在科学中的传播
  • 批准号:
    9412396
  • 财政年份:
    1994
  • 资助金额:
    --
  • 项目类别:
    Fixed Amount Award
Social and Political Uses of Quantification
量化的社会和政治用途
  • 批准号:
    9021707
  • 财政年份:
    1991
  • 资助金额:
    --
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant

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Study of the splitting-*-homomorphisms by ordered zero completely positive maps and the heredity of invariant properties of C*-algebras
有序零完全正映射的分裂-*-同态及C*-代数不变性质的遗传性研究
  • 批准号:
    20K03644
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    2020
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    Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
Human Heredity and Health in Africa Consortium Biorepository
非洲人类遗传与健康联盟生物样本库
  • 批准号:
    10226048
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  • 财政年份:
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Interpreting the Meaning of "Heredity" and " Drug-Induced Sufferings": From the Practice of Educational and Awareness Activities in the Hemophilia Community
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培养中学生对遗传和进化的理解
  • 批准号:
    1814194
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Growth and heredity of protocells at the origin of life under simulated hydrothermal conditions
模拟水热条件下生命起源的原始细胞的生长和遗传
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    2089390
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