The Implications of Heterogeneity for the Philosophy, History, Sociology, and Science of Biological Determinism

遗传研究和社会科学中的定量分析可以通过关注观察到的特征背后可能存在的因素的异质性而得到转变。在科学社会学中，人们理解，仅仅是正确的想法并不会实现其变革潜力；相反，如果要克服来自主流的不可避免的阻力，就需要改变该领域的社会结构。此外，在许多研究人员开始转变之前，必须开放其他研究项目；批判不足以使主导范式被抛弃。在这种变化中，科学与社会研究（S&amp；S）可以发挥什么作用？这项探索性研究小额赠款（SGER）提案确定了PI和其他s&s&s学者可能在研究和政策方面引起对异质性影响的关注的一些角度。适度的支持将使PI能够追求两条轨道，通过这两条轨道，新颖的想法可以“孕育”足够长的时间，以引起更多观众的注意，如果不是被接受的话。第一个轨道将调查S&amp；S中的四个问题，这些问题扩展了PI最近在遗传性和异质性方面的工作，并将这些调查置于早期，工作进行中的阶段，由适当的受众和研讨会进行审查，以期激励专家更深入地研究这些问题，并动员合作和协会在此类新兴研究中相互支持。第二个轨道将通过为期一周的密集培训和讨论访问，探索一些科学方法，这些方法可能有助于开发经经验验证的发展途径模型，这些模型的组成部分在任何时间和世代的个体之间都是异质和不同的。S&amp；S调查和与科学家接触的结合旨在促进对遗传性话语的积极批评，并允许PI确定PI不寻常的兴趣和技能组合的最大杠杆的位置和方向，这不仅存在于S&amp；S，而且存在于生命科学的定量分析中。PI期望在sger支持的工作的基础上提交一份主要的研究计划。尽管关于智商测试分数的可遗传性和种族群体平均分数差异的遗传解释的科学和政策辩论历史悠久，但这项工作的智力价值在于发展了一些在“基因与环境”的科学和科学研究中被忽视或没有得到充分重视的思想。更广泛的影响将是推动大众讨论超越关于基因和环境对人类特征的相对贡献的有问题的想法，为解释以种族为基础定义的群体的平均差异的持续兴趣提供批判性的启示，并以适应异质性的方式刺激科学和s&p；S研究发展途径。

Quantitative analysis in the study of heredity and in social sciences more generally could be transformed through attention to the possible heterogeneity of factors that underlie observed traits. It is understood in the sociology of science that ideas do not realize their transformative potential simply by being correct; rather, changes in the social structure of the field are needed if the inevitable resistance from the mainstream is to be overcome. Moreover, alternative research programs have to be opened up before many researchers begin to shift; critique is not sufficient for a dominant paradigm to be abandoned. What role can studies of science and society (S&S) have in such change? This Small Grant for Exploratory Research (SGER) proposal identifies a number of angles through which the PI and other S&S scholars might bring attention in research and policy to the implications of heterogeneity. Modest support would allow the PI to pursue two tracks through which novel ideas can "gestate" long enough to command attention, if not acceptance, by a wider audience. The first track would investigate four issues in S&S that extend the PI's recent work on heritability and heterogeneity, and it would subject these investigations at an early, work-in-progress stage to the scrutiny of appropriate audiences and workshops with a view to stimulating specialists to delve deeper into these issues, and mobilizing collaborations and associations to support one other in such emergent research. The second track would explore, through intensive week-long training and discussion visits, a number of scientific approaches that may contribute to developing empirically validated models of developmental pathways whose components are heterogeneous and differ among individuals at any one time and over generations. The combination of S&S investigations and engagement with scientists is designed to promote positive critique of heritability discourse, and to allow the PI to identify the place and direction of most leverage for the PI's unusual combination of interests and skills, which lie not only in S&S but also in quantitative analyses in the life sciences. The PI anticipates submission of a major research proposal on the basis of the SGER-supported work. The intellectual merit of the work lies in the development of ideas that have been overlooked or not well appreciated in the science and S&S studies of "genes and environment," despite the long and politically charged history of scientific and policy debates about the heritability of IQ test scores and genetic explanations of the differences between the mean scores for racial groups. The broader impact will be to move popular discussion beyond problematic ideas about the relative contribution of genes and environment to human traits, shed critical light on the persistent interest in explaining differences among the averages for groups defined on racial grounds, and stimulate scientific and S&S research on developmental pathways in ways that accommodate heterogeneity.