Consortium for Modelling and Analysis of Decentralised Energy Storage (C-MADEnS)

大约80%的英国人口居住在城市地区，城市消耗了英国约70%的能源。因此，人们越来越认识到城市在解决关键能源和环境目标方面的重要性。然而，要实现这些目标，就需要对大部分城市基础设施进行改造和更新，以满足城市居民对能源服务日益增长的需求，同时向低碳经济过渡。城市基础设施面临的两大挑战是：(i)满足（低碳）电力需求的预期增长（包括供热和运输的新需求来源），同时整合各种（通常是可变的）可再生能源供应选择（包括建筑集成光伏和风能系统）和（ii）增加低碳供热（以及潜在的制冷）供应给家庭和办公室的比例。可能的低碳热源包括空气源热泵和热电联产以及使用生物质和废热的区域供热方案。各种形式的分散电力和热量储存可以在应对这些挑战方面发挥重要作用，通过帮助在几秒到几天的时间内匹配供需，最大限度地利用现有和新的基础设施，在热电系统之间建立联系，从而允许两者之间的权衡并确保安全的能源供应。然而，我们目前对城市环境中分散式电力和热量储存的最佳部署配置和应用、消除部署障碍所需的政策和监管环境的任何变化、可能产生商业主张的商业模式和收入流以及公众对部署不同类型存储的态度都知之甚少。该项目将使用各种工具和方法，包括技术验证，技术经济建模，创新研究和公众态度调查，以解决部署城市规模储能的具体障碍，并通过一些案例研究分析伯明翰和利兹城市储能部署的机会来展示这些方法和工具。我们的方法的新颖性和冒险性可以在单独的工作包中找到，也可以在将研究结果整合在一起并应用于案例研究的方式中找到。因此，例如，我们的技术经济模型将考虑基于实验室和现场试验验证数据的特定（而不是通用）分布式储能技术，而不是来自文献的理想化数据；我们在政策、监管和商业模式方面的工作将借鉴我们项目合作伙伴的实际经验，在当前和未来可能的市场条件下，尝试从运营分布式能源存储中获利。我们在公众态度方面的工作将是英国同类研究中首次对分布式能源存储进行研究。

Around 80% of the UK population lives in urban areas, with cities being responsible for about 70% of UK energy use. As a consequence, the importance of cities in tackling key energy and environmental targets is increasingly being recognised. However, meeting these targets will require much of the urban infrastructure to be adapted and renewed to meet the increasing demands for energy services from city residents, while making the transition to a low-carbon economy. Two key challenges for urban infrastructure are: (i) meeting the expected increase in demand for (low carbon) electricity (including new sources of demand for heat and transport), while integrating a variety of (often variable) renewable supply options (including building integrated PV and wind systems) and (ii) increasing the proportion of low carbon heat (and potentially coolth) supply to homes and offices, with likely sources of low carbon heat including air source heat pumps and combined heat and power and district heating schemes using biomass and waste heat.Various forms of decentralised electricity and heat storage could play an important role in meeting these challenges through helping to match supply and demand over periods from seconds to days, maximising the utilisation of existing and new infrastructure, providing links between heat and electricity systems so allowing trade-offs between the two and ensuring secure energy supplies. However, we currently have a poor understanding of the optimal deployment configurations and applications for decentralised electricity and heat storage within the urban environment, any changes to the policy and regulatory environment that would be needed to remove barriers to their deployment, the business models and revenue streams that might make a commercial proposition and the public attitudes to the deployment of different types of storage.This project will use a variety of tools and methods, including technology validation, techno-economic modelling, innovation studies and public attitude surveys, to address specific barriers to the deployment of city-scale energy storage and demonstrate these methods and tools through a number of case studies analysing opportunities for energy storage deployment in the cities of Birmingham and Leeds. The novelty and adventure of our approach can be found both within the individual work packages and in the way that the findings are integrated together and applied in the case studies. So for example, our techno-economic modelling will consider specific (rather than generic) distributed energy storage technologies based on validated data from laboratory and field trials and not idealised data from the literature; our work on policy, regulatory and business models will draw on the real-world experience of our project partners in trying to make a business from operating distributed energy storage in current and likely future market conditions and our work on public attitudes will be the first study of its kind in the UK to examine distributed energy storage.