CAREER: Safety as an Emergent Property of the Production System: Production Practices and Team Processes of High Reliability Crews

建筑工伤和死亡仍然是一个重大的社会和经济问题。现有的建筑事故预防理论和实践忽视了工作组织和团队过程的作用，具有重要的局限性。在安全方面，研究人员和从业者面临的挑战是开发同时具有高生产力和高可靠性的工作系统，并能够在基础设施项目面临的动态、复杂和竞争的条件下有效运作。这项研究的主要目标是产生这样的新知识，使其能够系统地发展生产和可靠的生产团队和工艺。这需要对安全有新的理解，超越目前的规范模式。这项研究是基于一种新的概念，即安全是生产系统的一个紧急属性。从这个角度来看，船员层面的工作实践(生产任务的组织方式)和工作组的团队流程既决定了工人面临的工作情况(任务要求)，也决定了工人成功应对这些情况的可能性(能力)。因此，这项研究的目标是：(1)发现船员层面的哪些工作实践和团队流程支持更高的生产率和更高的可靠性(减少事故的可能性)；以及(2)揭示这些实践相互作用的机制，并确定发生事故的可能性。这项研究将对高可靠性团队的工作实践和团队流程进行一系列深入的实地研究，即与执行类似工作的团队相比，在生产率和安全方面始终表现非常高的施工团队。研究活动：(1)确定与影响事故可能性的有效工作实践和团队流程有关的相关结构。(2)开发一种方法来分析这种做法对任务和安全绩效的影响。(3)通过录像、访谈和收集人种志类型的数据，记录和分析高可靠性工作人员的做法。(4)将人权委员会的做法与在类似的高风险作业中表现一般的船员的做法进行比较。(5)发展基于经验的理论，解释哪些工作实践和团队流程影响任务和安全绩效，以及如何影响。(6)根据观察到的实践，通过预测额外船员的整体表现来验证理论；以及(7)传播结果。智力优势。这项研究将产生关于生产实践和团队流程如何塑造建筑作业的安全和性能的基本知识。它将在几个知识领域的基础上发展出一种新的建筑事故综合理论，并通过实证研究进行验证。这一理论将把生产和安全的概念结合起来，并为容错系统的新方向开辟道路。这项研究还将开发一种新的风险分析方法来评估建筑作业的“安全边际”。新的理论和方法将对其他建筑事故研究人员具有一定的参考价值。最后，研究结果将为今后施工团队绩效的建模和仿真提供依据。更广泛的影响。捕获高可靠性团队的实践并将其正式化，将使生产团队和流程的系统发展成为可能。这将对该行业培训现场人员和组织工作的方式产生重大影响，从而增加事故预防。教育和外展活动将增加工业界和学生对生产系统和事故预防的研究。传播活动包括：(1)为从业者、学徒计划和社区学院举办讲习班和研讨会。与行业协会和中心的密切合作将既是专业知识的来源和进入项目的渠道，也是系统传播有效做法的渠道。(2)将研究与研究生和本科生的生产力和安全课程相结合。案例研究和基于研究的实地作业将增加学生接触实际工作实践的机会，并为他们提供理解和解释实践的框架。现场分配也将用于验证期间的数据收集。(3)开发模拟游戏，作为亚利桑那州立大学团队和智慧计划的学习模块。这些活动将提高人们对团队合作和工作场所安全问题的认识，并将吸引代表人数不足的学生学习工程学科，因为他们将看到工程和生产如何与团队合作和安全相结合。

Construction injuries and fatalities remain a significant social and economic problem. Current theories and practices of construction accident prevention have important limitations as they ignore the role of work organization and team processes. With regards to safety, the challenge for researchers and practitioners is to develop work systems that are simultaneously highly productive and highly reliable and can function effectively in the dynamic, complex and competitive conditions that infrastructure projects face. The primary objective of this research is to generate such new knowledge that will enable systematic development of productive and reliable production teams and processes. This requires new understanding of safety beyond the current normative models. This research is based on a new conceptualization of safety as an emergent property of the production system. From this perspective, the work practices at the crew level (the way the production task is organized) and the team processes of the work crew shape both the work situations that the workers face (the task demands), and the likelihood of the workers' successful response to these situations (capabilities). Consequently, the goals of this research are: (1) to discover what work practices and team processes at the crew level support both higher productivity and higher reliability (reduced likelihood of accidents); and (2) to reveal the mechanisms by which these practices interact and determine the likelihood of accidents. The research will perform a series of in-depth field studies of the work practices and team processes of 'High Reliability Crews' that is, construction crews who have consistently very high performance in both productivity and safety compared to crews performing similar work. Research activities: (1) Identify relevant constructs regarding effective work practices and team processes that influence the likelihood of accidents. (2) Develop a methodology to analyze the effect of such practices on task and safety performance. (3) Document and analyze the practices of High Reliability Crews (HRC) through videotaping, interviews and ethnographic-type data collection. (4) Compare the HRC practices to the practices of average performance crews in similar high-risk operations. (5) Develop empirically grounded theory to explain what work practices and team processes affect task and safety performance and how. (6) Validate the theory by predicting the overall performance of additional crews based on observed practices; and (7) Disseminate the results.Intellectual merit. This research will generate fundamental knowledge regarding how the production practices and team processes shape the safety and performance of construction operations. It will develop a new comprehensive theory of construction accidents grounded on several fields of knowledge and validated with empirical studies. This theory will integrate the concepts of production with safety and open the way for new directions towards error-tolerant systems. The research will also develop a new risk analysis methodology to evaluate the 'safety margin' of construction operations. The new theory and methodology will be of value to other researchers of construction accidents. Finally, the findings will provide a basis for future modeling and simulation of the performance of construction teams. Broader impacts. Capturing and formalizing the practices of High Reliability Crews will enable systematic development of production teams and processes. This will have a significant impact on how the industry trains field personnel and organizes the work, leading to increased accident prevention. The educational and outreach activities will increase the participation of industry and students in the study of production systems and accident prevention. Dissemination activities include: (1) Workshops and seminars for practitioners, apprenticeship programs, and community colleges. The close collaboration with industry associations and centers will function both as a source of expertise and access to projects, and as channels for systematic dissemination of the effective practices. (2) Integration of the research with graduate and undergraduate productivity and safety courses. Case studies and research-based field assignments will increase the students' exposure to the actual work practices, and provide them with a framework for understanding and interpreting practice. Field assignments will also be used for data collection during validation. (3) Development of simulation games as learning modules for ASU's TEAMS and WISE-Up programs. These activities will increase awareness of the issues of teamwork and workplace safety, and will attract underrepresented students to engineering disciplines as they see how engineering and production integrate with teamwork and safety.