CAREER: Safety as an Emergent Property of the Production System: Production Practices and Team Processes of High Reliability Crews

职业：安全作为生产系统的新兴属性：高可靠性人员的生产实践和团队流程

• 批准号: 0645139
• 负责人: Panagiotis Mitropoulos
• 金额: $ 40万
• 依托单位: Arizona State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-03-01 至 2011-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0645139&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: CAREER; Safety; Emergent; Property; Production

Construction injuries and fatalities remain a significant social and economic problem. Current theories and practices of construction accident prevention have important limitations as they ignore the role of work organization and team processes. With regards to safety, the challenge for researchers and practitioners is to develop work systems that are simultaneously highly productive and highly reliable and can function effectively in the dynamic, complex and competitive conditions that infrastructure projects face. The primary objective of this research is to generate such new knowledge that will enable systematic development of productive and reliable production teams and processes. This requires new understanding of safety beyond the current normative models. This research is based on a new conceptualization of safety as an emergent property of the production system. From this perspective, the work practices at the crew level (the way the production task is organized) and the team processes of the work crew shape both the work situations that the workers face (the task demands), and the likelihood of the workers' successful response to these situations (capabilities). Consequently, the goals of this research are: (1) to discover what work practices and team processes at the crew level support both higher productivity and higher reliability (reduced likelihood of accidents); and (2) to reveal the mechanisms by which these practices interact and determine the likelihood of accidents. The research will perform a series of in-depth field studies of the work practices and team processes of 'High Reliability Crews' that is, construction crews who have consistently very high performance in both productivity and safety compared to crews performing similar work. Research activities: (1) Identify relevant constructs regarding effective work practices and team processes that influence the likelihood of accidents. (2) Develop a methodology to analyze the effect of such practices on task and safety performance. (3) Document and analyze the practices of High Reliability Crews (HRC) through videotaping, interviews and ethnographic-type data collection. (4) Compare the HRC practices to the practices of average performance crews in similar high-risk operations. (5) Develop empirically grounded theory to explain what work practices and team processes affect task and safety performance and how. (6) Validate the theory by predicting the overall performance of additional crews based on observed practices; and (7) Disseminate the results.Intellectual merit. This research will generate fundamental knowledge regarding how the production practices and team processes shape the safety and performance of construction operations. It will develop a new comprehensive theory of construction accidents grounded on several fields of knowledge and validated with empirical studies. This theory will integrate the concepts of production with safety and open the way for new directions towards error-tolerant systems. The research will also develop a new risk analysis methodology to evaluate the 'safety margin' of construction operations. The new theory and methodology will be of value to other researchers of construction accidents. Finally, the findings will provide a basis for future modeling and simulation of the performance of construction teams. Broader impacts. Capturing and formalizing the practices of High Reliability Crews will enable systematic development of production teams and processes. This will have a significant impact on how the industry trains field personnel and organizes the work, leading to increased accident prevention. The educational and outreach activities will increase the participation of industry and students in the study of production systems and accident prevention. Dissemination activities include: (1) Workshops and seminars for practitioners, apprenticeship programs, and community colleges. The close collaboration with industry associations and centers will function both as a source of expertise and access to projects, and as channels for systematic dissemination of the effective practices. (2) Integration of the research with graduate and undergraduate productivity and safety courses. Case studies and research-based field assignments will increase the students' exposure to the actual work practices, and provide them with a framework for understanding and interpreting practice. Field assignments will also be used for data collection during validation. (3) Development of simulation games as learning modules for ASU's TEAMS and WISE-Up programs. These activities will increase awareness of the issues of teamwork and workplace safety, and will attract underrepresented students to engineering disciplines as they see how engineering and production integrate with teamwork and safety.

建筑业的伤亡仍然是一个重大的社会和经济问题。 当前的建筑事故预防理论和实践存在重要的局限性，因为它们忽视了工作组织和团队流程的作用。 在安全方面，研究人员和从业人员面临的挑战是开发同时具有高生产力和高可靠性的工作系统，并能在基础设施项目面临的动态、复杂和竞争条件下有效运作。 这项研究的主要目标是产生这样的新知识，这将使生产和可靠的生产团队和流程的系统发展。 这就需要对安全性有新的理解，超越目前的规范模式。 这项研究是基于一个新的概念，安全生产系统的一个紧急属性。 从这个角度来看，工作人员层面的工作实践（生产任务的组织方式）和工作人员的团队流程塑造了工人面临的工作情况（任务要求），以及工人成功应对这些情况的可能性（能力）。 因此，本研究的目标是：（1）发现在船员层面上，什么样的工作实践和团队流程支持更高的生产力和更高的可靠性（降低事故的可能性）;（2）揭示这些实践相互作用的机制，并确定事故的可能性。该研究将对“高可靠性船员”的工作实践和团队流程进行一系列深入的实地研究，即与从事类似工作的船员相比，在生产力和安全性方面一直表现出色的施工船员。 研究活动：（1）确定影响事故可能性的有效工作实践和团队流程的相关结构。(2)开发一种方法来分析这种做法对任务和安全绩效的影响。(3)通过录像、访谈和人种学类型的数据收集，记录和分析高可靠性船员（HRC）的做法。(4)将HRC的做法与类似高风险操作中的平均性能船员的做法进行比较。(5)发展经验基础理论，解释工作实践和团队流程如何影响任务和安全绩效。(6)通过根据观察到的实践预测额外机组人员的总体表现来验证理论;（7）传播结果。这项研究将产生有关生产实践和团队流程如何影响施工作业的安全和绩效的基础知识。 它将开发一个新的综合理论的建筑事故的基础上的几个领域的知识和实证研究的验证。 这一理论将把生产与安全的概念结合起来，并为容错系统的新方向开辟道路。研究亦会发展一套新的风险分析方法，以评估建造工程的“安全限度”。 新的理论和方法将对其他建筑事故研究者具有参考价值。 最后，研究结果将为未来施工团队绩效的建模与仿真提供依据。 更广泛的影响。捕获和正式化高可靠性团队的实践将使生产团队和流程的系统化发展成为可能。 这将对该行业如何培训现场人员和组织工作产生重大影响，从而加强事故预防。 教育和推广活动将使工业界和学生更多地参与生产系统和事故预防的研究。传播活动包括：（1）为从业人员举办讲习班和研讨会，学徒方案和社区学院。与行业协会和中心的密切合作将成为专业知识和项目的来源，也是系统传播有效做法的渠道。(2)研究与研究生和本科生生产力和安全课程的整合。案例研究和基于研究的实地作业将增加学生对实际工作实践的接触，并为他们提供理解和解释实践的框架。现场分配也将用于验证期间的数据收集。(3)开发模拟游戏作为ASU的TEAMS和WISE-Up计划的学习模块。这些活动将提高对团队合作和工作场所安全问题的认识，并将吸引代表性不足的学生到工程学科，因为他们看到工程和生产如何与团队合作和安全相结合。