New Phases of Superfluid 3He

****非技术摘要****在这个个人研究项目中，新的高频声学技术将用于探索3He超流体的结构。目标是确定杂质和表面条件对超流体3He的作用，并寻找预测存在的新相。这种效应在3He中特别容易控制，但它们的存在可能普遍存在于其他相关的凝聚相，如高温超导体。因此，这项研究可能对我们的社会产生重大影响。新的超流体状态的稳定需要气凝胶的合成，这是一种多孔但相当坚固的玻璃固体。当地的高中和本科学生将参与这个综合。材料也将合作提供给美国、法国和英国的实验室，用于一系列的应用。研究生和本科生将获得尖端技术的培训，包括小角度x射线散射、低温方法和高频声学。这将使他们为一系列对我们社会有重大潜在影响的专业职业机会做好准备。****技术摘要****这项个人研究者奖支持一个旨在了解超流体3He的新相和不寻常性质的项目，这些超流体3He是最近通过使用高孔隙度二氧化硅气凝胶将杂质引入超流体而发现的。本项目旨在解决；“什么是稳定的阶段，什么决定了从一个阶段到另一个阶段的转变？”我们还将探讨杂质之间的相关性的影响，以及通过将这些杂质与外部施加的全局各向异性组织起来，可能稳定的有趣的新物质状态。在低温下进行热容和高频声学测量，以研究超流体的有序参数和相稳定性。此外，将测量产生超流体的基本相互作用和与之竞争的基本相互作用。新的声腔方法将被开发和应用于探索新发现的磁声效应和寻找已经预测在薄板中形成的条纹相。这项研究可能会影响我们对高温超导的理解，从而影响未来的技术。二氧化硅气凝胶将在本科生和高中生的参与下生长和表征。表征将使用Argonne国家实验室先进光子源的小角度x射线散射设备进行。本科生和研究生将获得尖端技术方面的培训，这将使他们为一系列对社会有重大潜在影响的专业职业机会做好准备。

****NON-TECHNICAL ABSTRACT****In this individual investigator project new high frequency acoustic techniques will be employed to explore the structure of 3He superfluids. The goal is to determine the role of impurities and surface conditions on superfluid 3He and to search for new phases that have been predicted to exist. Such effects are particularly easily controlled in 3He but their existence may be general to other related condensed phases such as the high temperature superconductors. Thus the research may have a significant impact on our society. The stabilization of new superfluid states requires synthesis of aerogels, extremely porous but fairly robust glass solids. Local high school and undergraduate students will be involved in this synthesis. Materials will also be provided collaboratively to laboratories in USA, France, and the United Kingdom for a range of applications. Graduate and undergraduate students will obtain training in technically sophisticated techniques including of small angle x-ray scattering, low-temperature methods, and high frequency acoustics. This will prepare them for a range of professional career opportunities with a significant potential impact to our society.****TECHNICAL ABSTRACT****This individual investigator award supports a project aimed at understanding the new phases and unusual properties of superfluid 3He that have recently been discovered as a consequence of introducing impurities into the superfluid using high porosity silica aerogels. This project aims to address; "What are the stable phases and what determines the transition from one to another?" The effect of correlations between impurities and the possible stabilization of interesting new states of matter by organizing these impurities with externally imposed global anisotropy will also be explored. Heat capacity and high frequency acoustic measurements will be performed at low-temperatures to investigate the superfluid order parameter and phase stability. Additionally, the basic interactions responsible for, and competing with, superfluidity will be measured. New acoustic cavity methods will be developed and applied to explore newly discovered magneto-acoustic effects and to look for stripe phases that have been predicted to form in thin slabs. This research may impact on our understanding of high temperature superconductivity, and thus future technologies. The silica aerogels will be grown and characterized with the involvement of undergraduate and high school students. Characterization will be performed using the small angle X-ray scattering facilities at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Undergraduate and graduate students will obtain training in technically sophisticated techniques, which will prepare them for a range of professional career opportunities with a significant potential impact on our society.