Doctoral Dissertation Research: Ideology and the Development of Social Hierarchy

在Robert D. Drennan，Enrique Lopez Hurtado将在秘鲁中部海岸的Panquilma遗址进行考古研究，以评估宗教信仰和意识形态在中晚期（公元1100-1460年）社会等级发展中所发挥的作用。意识形态与经济控制在建立和维持不平等社会关系中的关系是等级社会研究中一个复杂而有争议的问题。一些人认为，意识形态虽然经常参与这些过程，但它本身并不能维持太多的社会不平等，而真实的社会权力的出现取决于精英手中的强制性经济控制。另一些人则坚持认为，在某些社会中，意识形态是获取和维持实质性社会权力的关键力量。在这种情况下，经济上的差异可能几乎是不可察觉的，但仪式活动的表现是高级人的专属特权。然而，另一种观点认为，对声望和权威的政治竞争主要涉及非物质但世俗的过程。这种竞争的特点可以是精英及其追随者之间限制展示和流通有声望的商品。了解这些不同的社会进程之间的相互作用以及它们的重要性在不同社会中的变化，对于理解世界上大多数人口所生活的等级社会的历史和性质至关重要。潘奎尔马所在的地区，民族历史资料显示，社会等级制度围绕着古代安第斯山脉最重要的宗教朝圣中心之一：帕查卡马克。然而，关于社会等级制度的意识形态成分以及它与更世俗的社会进程的关系，人们知之甚少。将研究重点放在位于重要宗教中心腹地的小社区Panquilma，将使本研究更清楚地看到宗教中心的政治重要性如何与当地社会等级的经济和政治方面相关。特别是，该项目旨在评估通过操纵仪式活动在Pan-quilma社会等级制度的形成中所起的作用的重要性，相对于控制经济资源和通过政治竞争获得声望和权威所起的作用，Lopez-Hurtado先生将首先绘制该遗址的印刷地图，并指出公共和家庭建筑的分布。以此为基础，他将挖掘一系列2 × 2米的测试坑，以确定埋藏的特征，并收集材料进行分析。除了有助于理解早期等级社会的动态，这项研究还将产生几个更广泛的影响。它将为博士生提供必要的培训。此外，它将有助于保护考古记录，在一个地区，它是严重威胁到不受控制的城市增长。2002-03年，在帕查卡马克遗址博物馆工作期间，博士生指导了一个项目，该项目确定了遗址的法律的边界。他将利用与当地居民已有的关系，在当地学校组织讲座，并为当地学生、学校教师和当局组织实地考察，以鼓励人们欣赏考古遗迹的价值，并了解科学研究的性质。该项目还将为五名秘鲁考古学本科生提供培训和经验，他们将参加实地和实验室工作。为研究购买的实地设备将在实地工作结束时捐赠给Pachacamac遗址博物馆。

Under the supervision of Dr. Robert D. Drennan, Enrique Lopez-Hurtado will carry out an archaeological study at the site of Panquilma, on the central coast of Peru, to evaluate the role played by religious belief and ideology in the development of social hierarchy during the Late Intermediate Period (1100-1460 AD). The relationship between ideology and economic control in the establishment and maintenance of un-equal social relations is a complicated and contentious issue in the study of hierarchical societies. Some argue that ideology, while often involved in these processes, cannot by itself sustain much social inequal-ity, and that the emergence of real social power depends on coercive economic control in the hands of elites. Others insist that there are societies in which ideology is the pivotal force in the acquisition and maintenance of substantial social power. In such cases, economic differences may be almost impercepti-ble, but the performance of ritual activities is the exclusive prerogative of highly ranked people. Yet an-other view is that political competition for prestige and authority mainly involves non-material but secular processes. Such competition can be characterized by restricted display and circulation of prestige goods among elites and their followers. Understanding the interplay between these different social processes and how their importance may have varied in different societies is fundamental to understanding the his-tory and nature of the hierarchical societies in which most of the world's population now lives.Panquilma is in a region where ethnohistoric sources speak of social hierarchy that revolved around one of the most important centers of religious pilgrimage in the ancient Andes: Pachacamac. Little is known, however, about this ideological component of social hierarchy and just how it related to more mundane social processes. Focusing on the smaller community of Panquilma, located in the hinterland of the im-portant religious center, will enable this research to see more clearly how the political importance of the religious center related to the local economic and political aspects of social hierarchy. In particular, this project seeks to assess the importance of the role played in the emergence of social hierarchy at Pan-quilma by the manipulation of ritual activities, relative to the roles played by control of economic resources and by political competition for prestige and authority.Mr. Lopez-Hurtado will first construct a typographic map of the site and note the distribution of public and domestic buildings. Using this as a base, he will then excavate a series of 2 x 2 meter test pitsto identify buried features and collect material for analysis.Beyond contributing to understanding of the dynamics of early hierarchical societies, the research will have several broader impacts. It will provide essential training for the doctoral candidate. In addition, it will aid in the protection of the archeological record in an area where it is severely threatened by uncon-trolled urban growth. While on the staff of the Site Museum of Pachacamac, in 2002-03, the doctoral candidate directed a project that established the legal boundaries of the site. Working from his already existing relationship with local residents, he will organize talks at local schools, and site visits for local students, school teachers, and authorities to encourage both appreciation of the value of archeological remains and understanding of the nature of scientific research. The project will also provide training and experience for five Peruvian undergraduate archaeology students who will participate in both field and laboratory work. Field equipment purchased for the research will be donated to the Site Museum of Pachacamac at the conclusion of the field work.