Doctoral Dissertation Research: Ideology and the Development of Social Hierarchy

在Robert D.Drennan博士的指导下，Enrique Lopez-Hurtado将在秘鲁中央海岸的Panquilma遗址进行考古研究，以评估宗教信仰和意识形态在中期晚期(公元1100-1460年)社会等级发展中所起的作用。在等级社会研究中，意识形态与经济控制在建立和维持不平等社会关系中的关系是一个复杂而有争议的问题。一些人认为，尽管意识形态经常参与这些过程，但它本身不能维持太多的社会不平等，真正的社会权力的出现依赖于精英手中强制的经济控制。其他人坚持认为，在一些社会中，意识形态是获得和维持实质性社会权力的关键力量。在这种情况下，经济差异可能几乎察觉不到，但举行仪式活动是地位较高的人的专有特权。然而，另一种观点认为，对声望和权威的政治竞争主要涉及非物质的、但世俗的过程。这种竞争的特点可能是精英及其追随者之间对名牌商品的展示和流通受到限制。了解这些不同的社会过程之间的相互作用，以及它们在不同社会中的重要性如何变化，对于理解世界上大多数人现在生活的等级社会的历史和性质是至关重要的。Panquilma所在的地区，民族史料讲述了围绕古安第斯山脉最重要的宗教朝圣中心之一的社会等级制度：Pachacamac。然而，关于社会等级制度的这一意识形态组成部分，以及它与更平凡的社会过程之间的关系，人们知之甚少。聚焦于位于重要宗教中心腹地的较小的Panquilma社区，将使本研究能够更清楚地看到宗教中心的政治重要性与当地社会等级制度的经济和政治方面的关系。特别是，该项目试图评估在泛奎尔马通过操纵仪式活动而出现的社会等级制度，相对于控制经济资源和政治竞争对声望和权威所起的作用的重要性。洛佩兹-赫塔多将首先制作一张网站的排版地图，并注意公共和住宅建筑的分布。以此为基础，他将挖掘一系列2x2米的测试坑，以识别埋藏的特征并收集材料进行分析。这项研究不仅有助于理解早期等级社会的动态，还将产生几个更广泛的影响。它将为博士生提供必要的培训。此外，它还将有助于保护该地区的考古记录，该地区正受到不受控制的城市发展的严重威胁。2002-2003年，在帕查卡马克遗址博物馆工作期间，这位博士生指导了一个项目，确立了遗址的法律界限。他将利用与当地居民已经存在的关系，在当地学校组织讲座，并为当地学生、学校教师和当局进行实地访问，以鼓励人们欣赏考古遗迹的价值，并了解科学研究的性质。该项目还将为五名秘鲁考古学本科生提供培训和经验，他们将参加实地和实验室工作。为研究购买的实地设备将在实地工作结束时捐赠给Pachacamac遗址博物馆。

Under the supervision of Dr. Robert D. Drennan, Enrique Lopez-Hurtado will carry out an archaeological study at the site of Panquilma, on the central coast of Peru, to evaluate the role played by religious belief and ideology in the development of social hierarchy during the Late Intermediate Period (1100-1460 AD). The relationship between ideology and economic control in the establishment and maintenance of un-equal social relations is a complicated and contentious issue in the study of hierarchical societies. Some argue that ideology, while often involved in these processes, cannot by itself sustain much social inequal-ity, and that the emergence of real social power depends on coercive economic control in the hands of elites. Others insist that there are societies in which ideology is the pivotal force in the acquisition and maintenance of substantial social power. In such cases, economic differences may be almost impercepti-ble, but the performance of ritual activities is the exclusive prerogative of highly ranked people. Yet an-other view is that political competition for prestige and authority mainly involves non-material but secular processes. Such competition can be characterized by restricted display and circulation of prestige goods among elites and their followers. Understanding the interplay between these different social processes and how their importance may have varied in different societies is fundamental to understanding the his-tory and nature of the hierarchical societies in which most of the world's population now lives.Panquilma is in a region where ethnohistoric sources speak of social hierarchy that revolved around one of the most important centers of religious pilgrimage in the ancient Andes: Pachacamac. Little is known, however, about this ideological component of social hierarchy and just how it related to more mundane social processes. Focusing on the smaller community of Panquilma, located in the hinterland of the im-portant religious center, will enable this research to see more clearly how the political importance of the religious center related to the local economic and political aspects of social hierarchy. In particular, this project seeks to assess the importance of the role played in the emergence of social hierarchy at Pan-quilma by the manipulation of ritual activities, relative to the roles played by control of economic resources and by political competition for prestige and authority.Mr. Lopez-Hurtado will first construct a typographic map of the site and note the distribution of public and domestic buildings. Using this as a base, he will then excavate a series of 2 x 2 meter test pitsto identify buried features and collect material for analysis.Beyond contributing to understanding of the dynamics of early hierarchical societies, the research will have several broader impacts. It will provide essential training for the doctoral candidate. In addition, it will aid in the protection of the archeological record in an area where it is severely threatened by uncon-trolled urban growth. While on the staff of the Site Museum of Pachacamac, in 2002-03, the doctoral candidate directed a project that established the legal boundaries of the site. Working from his already existing relationship with local residents, he will organize talks at local schools, and site visits for local students, school teachers, and authorities to encourage both appreciation of the value of archeological remains and understanding of the nature of scientific research. The project will also provide training and experience for five Peruvian undergraduate archaeology students who will participate in both field and laboratory work. Field equipment purchased for the research will be donated to the Site Museum of Pachacamac at the conclusion of the field work.