Doctoral Dissertation Research: Ideology and the Development of Social Hierarchy

在Robert D. drenan博士的指导下，Enrique Lopez-Hurtado将在秘鲁中部海岸的Panquilma遗址进行一项考古研究，以评估宗教信仰和意识形态在中后期（公元1100-1460年）社会等级发展中的作用。在等级制社会的研究中，意识形态与经济控制在不平等社会关系的建立和维持中的关系是一个复杂而有争议的问题。一些人认为，意识形态虽然经常参与这些过程，但它本身无法维持很大的社会不平等，真正的社会权力的出现取决于精英手中的强制性经济控制。另一些人则坚持认为，在某些社会中，意识形态是获取和维持实质性社会权力的关键力量。在这种情况下，经济差异可能几乎是察觉不到的，但仪式活动的表演是高级人士的专属特权。然而，另一种观点认为，对声望和权威的政治竞争主要涉及非物质但世俗的过程。这种竞争的特点是精英及其追随者之间对名牌商品的展示和流通受到限制。了解这些不同社会进程之间的相互作用，以及它们在不同社会中的重要性如何变化，对于理解世界上大多数人口现在生活的等级社会的历史和本质是至关重要的。Panquilma所在地区的民族历史资料表明，社会等级制度围绕着古代安第斯山脉最重要的宗教朝圣中心之一：Pachacamac。然而，人们对社会等级的意识形态成分知之甚少，也不知道它与更世俗的社会过程有什么关系。关注位于重要宗教中心腹地的Panquilma较小的社区，将使本研究能够更清楚地看到宗教中心的政治重要性与当地社会等级的经济和政治方面的关系。特别是，这个项目试图评估在Pan-quilma社会等级的出现中，通过仪式活动的操纵所起的作用的重要性，相对于控制经济资源和为声望和权威而进行的政治竞争所起的作用。Lopez-Hurtado将首先构建场地的排版地图，并记录公共和住宅建筑的分布。以此为基础，他将挖掘一系列2 × 2米的测试坑，以确定埋藏特征并收集材料进行分析。除了有助于理解早期等级社会的动态之外，这项研究还将产生几个更广泛的影响。它将为博士候选人提供必要的培训。此外，它还将有助于保护受到不受控制的城市发展严重威胁的地区的考古记录。在帕查卡马克遗址博物馆工作期间，在2002-03年，这位博士候选人指导了一个建立遗址法律边界的项目。他将利用与当地居民已经存在的关系，在当地学校组织讲座，并为当地学生、学校教师和当局组织实地考察，以鼓励人们认识考古遗迹的价值，并了解科学研究的本质。该项目还将为五名秘鲁考古学本科学生提供培训和经验，他们将参加实地和实验室工作。为研究购买的现场设备将在实地工作结束时捐赠给帕查卡马克遗址博物馆。

Under the supervision of Dr. Robert D. Drennan, Enrique Lopez-Hurtado will carry out an archaeological study at the site of Panquilma, on the central coast of Peru, to evaluate the role played by religious belief and ideology in the development of social hierarchy during the Late Intermediate Period (1100-1460 AD). The relationship between ideology and economic control in the establishment and maintenance of un-equal social relations is a complicated and contentious issue in the study of hierarchical societies. Some argue that ideology, while often involved in these processes, cannot by itself sustain much social inequal-ity, and that the emergence of real social power depends on coercive economic control in the hands of elites. Others insist that there are societies in which ideology is the pivotal force in the acquisition and maintenance of substantial social power. In such cases, economic differences may be almost impercepti-ble, but the performance of ritual activities is the exclusive prerogative of highly ranked people. Yet an-other view is that political competition for prestige and authority mainly involves non-material but secular processes. Such competition can be characterized by restricted display and circulation of prestige goods among elites and their followers. Understanding the interplay between these different social processes and how their importance may have varied in different societies is fundamental to understanding the his-tory and nature of the hierarchical societies in which most of the world's population now lives.Panquilma is in a region where ethnohistoric sources speak of social hierarchy that revolved around one of the most important centers of religious pilgrimage in the ancient Andes: Pachacamac. Little is known, however, about this ideological component of social hierarchy and just how it related to more mundane social processes. Focusing on the smaller community of Panquilma, located in the hinterland of the im-portant religious center, will enable this research to see more clearly how the political importance of the religious center related to the local economic and political aspects of social hierarchy. In particular, this project seeks to assess the importance of the role played in the emergence of social hierarchy at Pan-quilma by the manipulation of ritual activities, relative to the roles played by control of economic resources and by political competition for prestige and authority.Mr. Lopez-Hurtado will first construct a typographic map of the site and note the distribution of public and domestic buildings. Using this as a base, he will then excavate a series of 2 x 2 meter test pitsto identify buried features and collect material for analysis.Beyond contributing to understanding of the dynamics of early hierarchical societies, the research will have several broader impacts. It will provide essential training for the doctoral candidate. In addition, it will aid in the protection of the archeological record in an area where it is severely threatened by uncon-trolled urban growth. While on the staff of the Site Museum of Pachacamac, in 2002-03, the doctoral candidate directed a project that established the legal boundaries of the site. Working from his already existing relationship with local residents, he will organize talks at local schools, and site visits for local students, school teachers, and authorities to encourage both appreciation of the value of archeological remains and understanding of the nature of scientific research. The project will also provide training and experience for five Peruvian undergraduate archaeology students who will participate in both field and laboratory work. Field equipment purchased for the research will be donated to the Site Museum of Pachacamac at the conclusion of the field work.