Colonian Negotiations in an Inka Provincial Village

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，Steven Wernke博士和一个跨学科团队将对从印卡到西班牙殖民统治的过渡以及安第斯高原最早的传教时期进行两次考古和档案研究。该项目汇集了来自多个学科的美国和秘鲁专家，研究科尔卡山谷（秘鲁阿雷基帕省）土著社区在经历印卡和西班牙各州连续的国家命令殖民政策浪潮时，仪式和日常习俗的转变和连续性。该项目的目的是通过对马拉塔遗址的挖掘，详细了解日常生活和宗教习俗是如何面对这些帝国占领的。马拉塔是一个保存完好的村庄，拥有保存完好的家庭建筑、印卡帝国建筑和一座由方济会修士在1540年代至1560年代建立的乡村教堂。由于马拉塔（像山谷中其他早期的教堂一样）后来在1570年代被遗弃，这个地点提供了一个理想的、暂时可控的窗口，可以在安第斯山脉第一代征服后的动荡时期观察当地的文化变化和连续性。该项目的考古部分包括两个季节的挖掘，分别在场地的三个主要环境中进行：1)教堂和相关的中庭（第一季）；2)印卡和西班牙的公共和仪式场所（第二季）；3)大小、形式和精细程度各异的家庭结构（第一季和第二季）。教堂内部和周围的挖掘定义了其内部的空间组织，并通过挖掘和对地下埋葬的生物考古分析，提供了对后西班牙殡葬实践和社区健康状况的见解。对印卡帝国建筑和相关广场的挖掘评估了它们在印卡时代作为仪式空间的假设功能。随着新的欧洲商品和生物群被引入当地家庭经济，对家庭结构的挖掘揭示了前历史时期家庭空间的组织和消费模式的变化。基于形式和度量的建筑属性，家庭地位的差异是明显的，精英和普通家庭组织的比较旨在阐明基于阶级的消费模式差异。该项目的档案部分侧重于分析直接相关的16世纪和17世纪早期传教士在科尔卡山谷的文件（包括教会的纪念和调查），这些文件保存在秘鲁的方济各会和教区档案中。这一文献分析提供了一个由修士们自己构思和制定的传教意识形态项目的补充观点，并试图恢复这一地区和类似传教的详细记录。这项研究的知识意义包括对早期征服后的宗教转变及其与更广泛的哥伦比亚交流的联系进行新的人类学理解的潜力，这一过程开启了现代全球规模的文化互动和转变。这项研究的更广泛的影响包括为美国和秘鲁学生提供实际的国际教育机会。该项目还将当地社区成员纳入实际研究过程，并致力于重振当地文化历史遗产。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Steven Wernke and an interdisciplinary team will conduct two field seasons of archaeological and archival research on the transition from Inka to Spanish colonial rule and the earliest period of missionization in the Andean highlands. The project brings together U.S. and Peruvian specialists from several disciplines to examine transformation and continuity in ritual and daily practices as the indigenous communities of the Colca valley (Department of Arequipa, Peru) experienced successive waves of state-ordered colonial policies by the Inka and Spanish states. The project objectives aim to provide a detailed view of how daily life and religious practices were negotiated in the face of these imperial occupations through excavations at the site of Malata, a well-preserved village with well-preserved domestic structures, Inka imperial architecture, and a rustic chapel established by Franciscan friars between the 1540s and 1560s. Because Malata (like other early missions in the valley) was subsequently abandoned in the 1570s, the site provides an ideal, temporally-controlled window for viewing local-scale cultural change and continuity during the tumultuous times of the first post-conquest generation in the Andes.The archaeological component of the project consists of two seasons of excavations in each of the three main contexts of the site: 1) the chapel and associated atrium (season 1); 2) Inka and Spanish public and ceremonial spaces (season 2); and 3) domestic structures of varying size, form, and elaboration (seasons 1 and 2). Excavations in and around the chapel define the spatial organization of its interior and provide insights into post-Hispanic mortuary practices and community health status through excavation and bioarchaeological analysis of subfloor burials. Excavations in the Inka imperial structure and associated plaza assess their hypothesized function as ceremonial spaces during Inka times. Excavations of domestic structures reveal the organization of domestic space and changing patterns of consumption during epi-historical times, as new European goods and biota were introduced into local household economies. Based on formal and metric architectural attributes, differences in household status are evident, and comparison of the organization of elite and commoner households aims to elucidate class-based differences in patterns of consumption.The archival component of the project focuses on analyzing directly relevant 16th and early 17th century documentation of the missionary presence in the Colca Valley (including ecclesiastical memorials and surveys) housed in Franciscan and diocesan archives in Peru. This documentary analysis provides a complementary view of the ideological project of missionization as conceived and enacted by the friars themselves, and seeks to recover detailed accounts of this and similar missions in the area.The intellectual significance of this research includes the potential for new anthropological understanding of early post-conquest religious transformation and its connection to the broader Columbian exchange, a process that initiated the modern era of global-scale cultural interaction and transformation. The broader impacts of this research includes hands-on international educational opportunities for U.S. and Peruvian students. The project also integrates local community members into the actual research process and works toward a revalorization of local culture-historical patrimony.