Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Fracture Patterns and Interpersonal Violence in the Moche of Northern Coastal Peru

博士论文改进补助金：秘鲁北部沿海莫切人的骨折模式和人际暴力

• 批准号: 0731552
• 负责人: John Verano
• 金额: $ 1.27万
• 依托单位: Tulane University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-08-01 至 2008-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0731552&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Fracture

The Moche culture, which flourished on the North Coast of Peru in the early part of the first millennium AD, has been the focus of archaeological investigation for decades. However, questions still linger regarding the nature of Moche political structure and warfare. Early researchers believed the Moche represented the first state-level culture in Andean South America. More recently, there has been a shift in thinking, with many researchers now believing the Moche consisted of two or more polities with differing levels of localized autonomy. Moche warfare has been similarly contested, with ideas about the function and frequency of armed conflict shaping and being shaped by beliefs about political structure. Therefore, a clarification of one of these two features of Andean society would help to resolve questions about the other.To that end, this study will provide crucial evidence about Moche warfare from a source that has, so far, been underutilized: the remains of the Moche people themselves. Under the supervision of Dr. John Verano, Sara Phillips will analyze patterns in bone fractures in skeletal remains from numerous Moche sites to determine the frequency and distribution of warfare in this culture. Fracture pattern analysis provides such insight in two ways. First, a comparison of the frequency of fracture in different skeletal elements will show whether the Moche people were commonly involved in acts of interpersonal violence or if the majority of their fractures were the result of accidents. This is possible because certain fractures are indicative of interpersonal violence and others of occupational or other mishaps. Secondly, comparing the fracture pattern between individuals--those of different age, sex, and status--will show the type of individuals most likely to have experience with interpersonal violence. This comparison can be done with groups from different time periods and different Moche sites, as well as between the Moche samples as a whole and data collected from other archaeological cultures. Together, these analyses will draw a picture of Moche warfare which can be compared to the expectations derived from theories about Moche political structure to see if a military state or cooperating polities characterized the Moche.The greater understanding of Moche warfare that will be provided by the proposed study is integral to clarifying the picture of Moche political structure by indicating whether military conquest or peaceful cooperation characterized their society. In either case, whether state or federation, the Moche culture is the linchpin to understanding the complex societies that followed in the Andes and to understanding the overall development of complex social structure in the region. Also, as one of the few areas where state-level society originated independently, tracing increasing complexity in Andean society will provide greater insight into the mechanisms behind state formation in general. Therefore, it is important that all available sources of information about the nature of Moche warfare and government be studied. One such source, the evidence for warfare left in the bodies of the Moche people themselves, has not been fully utilized, something study will remedy.

莫切文化，在公元第一个千年的早期繁荣于秘鲁的北海岸，几十年来一直是考古学研究的焦点。 然而，关于莫切政治结构和战争的性质问题仍然存在。 早期的研究人员认为莫切人代表了南美洲安第斯山脉的第一个国家级文化。 最近，人们的想法发生了转变，许多研究人员现在认为莫切人由两个或两个以上具有不同程度的地方自治的政体组成。 莫切战争也受到类似的质疑，关于武装冲突的功能和频率的想法塑造了关于政治结构的信念。 因此，澄清安第斯社会的这两个特征之一将有助于解决关于另一个特征的问题，为此，本研究将从一个迄今未得到充分利用的来源提供关于莫切战争的重要证据：莫切人自己的遗骸。 在约翰·维拉诺博士的监督下，萨拉菲利普斯将分析来自许多莫切遗址的骨骼遗骸中的骨折模式，以确定这种文化中战争的频率和分布。 断裂模式分析以两种方式提供这种洞察力。 首先，比较不同骨骼要素的骨折频率将表明莫切人是否普遍参与人际暴力行为，或者他们的大多数骨折是否是事故造成的。 这是可能的，因为某些骨折是人际暴力的表现，而另一些则是职业或其他事故的表现。 其次，比较不同年龄、性别和地位的人之间的骨折模式，将显示最有可能经历人际暴力的人的类型。 这种比较可以与来自不同时期和不同莫切遗址的群体进行，也可以将莫切样本作为一个整体与从其他考古文化中收集的数据进行比较。 我们一起努力，这些分析将描绘出一幅莫切战争的图景，它可以与从莫切政治结构理论中得出的期望相比较，以了解军事国家或合作政体是否是莫切的特征。拟议的研究将提供对莫切战争的更深入理解，这对于澄清莫切政治结构的图景是不可或缺的，因为它表明了军事征服或和平合作是莫切政治结构的特征。社会 在这两种情况下，无论是国家还是联邦，莫切文化都是理解安第斯山脉随后复杂社会的关键，也是理解该地区复杂社会结构整体发展的关键。 此外，作为国家一级社会独立起源的少数几个地区之一，追踪安第斯社会日益复杂的情况将有助于更深入地了解国家形成背后的机制。 因此，重要的是要研究有关莫切战争和政府性质的所有可用信息来源。 其中一个来源，即留在莫切人体内的战争证据，尚未得到充分利用，研究将弥补这一点。