MOD Measurement and Analysis of Highly Creative Research in the US and Europe

创新能力是科技进步的重要基石，也是社会其他领域进步的先决条件。在促进科学驱动的商业发展的竞争压力加剧以及新的全球研究地点（特别是中国）崛起的背景下，美国和其他发达经济体的研究政策制定者希望对科学研究的制度和组织环境进行调整，不仅可以提高效率，还可以促进科学卓越性和创造力。与这些需求相反，创造力通常是通过认知研究在微观层面上进行研究的，这些研究将调查人员嵌入研究实验室或对个人属性（如智力）进行心理测量。在另一个极端，它是在国家一级使用国家出版和引用强度指标来衡量的。本研究调查的中观层面（团队，组织，机构）的研究环境的特点，特别注重在人类遗传学和纳米技术的高度创造性和非常规的研究活动。基于最近完成的初步试点研究，该研究确定了美国和欧洲这两个科学领域的高度创造性科学家，这项研究扩展了测量和分析方法，以解决这个问题：中间一级的环境有哪些特征对被同行和学术奖项认定为具有高度创造性的研究人员的创造性成就产生影响，这些影响对这些研究人员的职业道路有什么影响。本研究利用先前对两个领域的提名者和获奖者进行的调查数据，开发了一个新的具有高度创造性的研究人员和一个对照组的简历数据库，以（1）揭示中观层面的背景因素的影响（团队，组织和机构）对高度创造性的研究的表现;（二）确定职业模式的存在，作为个人内在能力与与高度相关的中观环境特征相互作用的结果，创造性研究;以及（3）探讨被同行评估为高度创造性的工作与研究生涯的其他特征（如生产力、卓越性和知名度）之间的关系。该研究通过进一步发展和扩展CV分析，为政策科学研究的方法论做出了贡献。确定研究环境中的中间因素对研究和人力资源管理以及供资计划的设计和执行具有影响。这些因素中的几个-如奖励机制，资助计划，研究场所的组织设置，以及促进职业相关的机制-对大学和教师管理，工业研究和开发管理，资助组织和国家研究政策感兴趣。比较领域的使用扩大了影响范围。人类遗传学是一个成熟的生物医学领域，由一套相对稳定的学科支持。相比之下，纳米技术是一个新兴的跨学科领域。同样，该项目将研究结果扩展到美国以外的研究和创新系统。公共数据集包含与创意研究人员提名，创意研究人员和比较组简历，以及奖项和奖品相关的变量，将提供给其他人使用。研究人员计划在同行评审期刊上发表结果，开发会议和网络访问文件，以及政策研讨会，以进一步发展与科学政策实践者的研究的影响。由于这项研究是由一个国际小组进行的，研究的对象是国际科学家群体，它将加强国际研究的比较联系，并为年轻研究人员提供机会，培训他们如何衡量创造力和组织影响力。

Creative capabilities are an important cornerstone of progress in science and technology, and also a precondition for advances in other societal domains. In the context of heightened competitive pressures to foster science-driven business development and the rise of new global locations for research (especially China), research policymakers in the U.S. and other developed economies hope that adjustments to institutional and organizational environments for scientific research will promote not only more efficiency but also boost scientific excellence and creativity. In contrast with these needs, creativity usually is investigated at the micro level through cognitive studies that embed investigators in research laboratories or apply psychological measurement of individual attributes such as intelligence. At the other extreme, it has been measured at the national level using national indicators of publication and citation strength. This study investigates features of the meso level (team, organizational, institutional) of the research environment, with particular focus on highly creative and unconventional research activities in human genetics and nanotechnology. Building on a recently completed initial pilot study which identified highly creative scientists in these two scientific fields in the U.S. and Europe, this study extends the measurement and analytical approaches to address the question: What features of the environment at the meso level have an effect on the creative achievements of researchers identified by peers and academic awards as highly creative and what patterns, if any, do these effects have in the career paths of these researchers. With data from a previously conducted survey of peers yielding nominees plus a set of prize winners in the two fields, this project develops a new database of Curriculum Vitae (CV) of the set of highly creative researchers and a comparison group to (1) reveal the influence of meso level contextual factors (team, organization and institutional) on the performance of highly creative research; (2) determine the existence of career patterns as a result of the interaction of the intrinsic ability of individuals and the features of the meso level environment that are associated with highly creative research; and (3) explore the relation of work assessed by peers to be highly creative with other features of a research career such as productivity, excellence and visibility. The study contributes to the methodology of science studies for policy by further developing and extending CV analysis. The identification of meso level factors in the research environment has implications for research and human resource management, and the design and implementation of funding schemes. Several of these factors--such as award mechanisms, funding programs, organizational set-up of research sites, and facilitation of career-relevant mechanisms--are of interest to university and faculty management, industrial research and development management, funding organizations, and national research policy. The use of comparative fields extends the range of impact. Human genetics is an established biomedical field supported by a relatively stable set of disciplines. In contrast, nanotechnology is a newer emerging and interdisciplinary field. Likewise, this project extends the findings to research and innovation systems beyond the U.S. context. Public datasets containing variables related to creative researcher nominees, creative researcher and comparison group CVs, and awards and prizes will be made available for use by others. The researchers plan to publish results in peer reviewed journals, develop conferences and Web-accessible documents, as well as a policy workshop to further develop the implications of the study with science policy practitioners. Since the study is carried out by an international team and study an international population of scientists, it will strengthen comparative international research linkages and provide opportunities for young researcher training in measurement of creativity and organizational influences.