MOD Measurement and Analysis of Highly Creative Research in the US and Europe

美国和欧洲高度创造性研究的 MOD 测量和分析

• 批准号: 0738126
• 负责人: Philip Shapira
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Georgia Tech Research Corporation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-01-01 至 2010-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0738126&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: MOD; Measurement; Analysis; Highly; Creative

Creative capabilities are an important cornerstone of progress in science and technology, and also a precondition for advances in other societal domains. In the context of heightened competitive pressures to foster science-driven business development and the rise of new global locations for research (especially China), research policymakers in the U.S. and other developed economies hope that adjustments to institutional and organizational environments for scientific research will promote not only more efficiency but also boost scientific excellence and creativity. In contrast with these needs, creativity usually is investigated at the micro level through cognitive studies that embed investigators in research laboratories or apply psychological measurement of individual attributes such as intelligence. At the other extreme, it has been measured at the national level using national indicators of publication and citation strength. This study investigates features of the meso level (team, organizational, institutional) of the research environment, with particular focus on highly creative and unconventional research activities in human genetics and nanotechnology. Building on a recently completed initial pilot study which identified highly creative scientists in these two scientific fields in the U.S. and Europe, this study extends the measurement and analytical approaches to address the question: What features of the environment at the meso level have an effect on the creative achievements of researchers identified by peers and academic awards as highly creative and what patterns, if any, do these effects have in the career paths of these researchers. With data from a previously conducted survey of peers yielding nominees plus a set of prize winners in the two fields, this project develops a new database of Curriculum Vitae (CV) of the set of highly creative researchers and a comparison group to (1) reveal the influence of meso level contextual factors (team, organization and institutional) on the performance of highly creative research; (2) determine the existence of career patterns as a result of the interaction of the intrinsic ability of individuals and the features of the meso level environment that are associated with highly creative research; and (3) explore the relation of work assessed by peers to be highly creative with other features of a research career such as productivity, excellence and visibility. The study contributes to the methodology of science studies for policy by further developing and extending CV analysis. The identification of meso level factors in the research environment has implications for research and human resource management, and the design and implementation of funding schemes. Several of these factors--such as award mechanisms, funding programs, organizational set-up of research sites, and facilitation of career-relevant mechanisms--are of interest to university and faculty management, industrial research and development management, funding organizations, and national research policy. The use of comparative fields extends the range of impact. Human genetics is an established biomedical field supported by a relatively stable set of disciplines. In contrast, nanotechnology is a newer emerging and interdisciplinary field. Likewise, this project extends the findings to research and innovation systems beyond the U.S. context. Public datasets containing variables related to creative researcher nominees, creative researcher and comparison group CVs, and awards and prizes will be made available for use by others. The researchers plan to publish results in peer reviewed journals, develop conferences and Web-accessible documents, as well as a policy workshop to further develop the implications of the study with science policy practitioners. Since the study is carried out by an international team and study an international population of scientists, it will strengthen comparative international research linkages and provide opportunities for young researcher training in measurement of creativity and organizational influences.

创新能力是科学技术进步的重要基石，也是其他社会领域进步的先决条件。在促进以科学为导向的业务发展的竞争压力加大以及新的全球研究地点(尤其是中国)崛起的背景下，美国和其他发达经济体的研究政策制定者希望，调整科学研究的制度和组织环境不仅能提高效率，还能促进科学卓越和创造力。与这些需求相反，创造力通常是通过认知研究在微观层面上进行调查，这些研究将研究人员安置在研究实验室中，或者应用对个人属性的心理测量，如智力。在另一个极端，它是在国家一级使用国家出版物和引文强度指标进行衡量的。这项研究调查了研究环境的中观水平(团队、组织、机构)的特征，特别关注在人类遗传学和纳米技术方面具有高度创造性和非常规的研究活动。在最近完成的一项初步初步研究的基础上，确定了美国和欧洲这两个科学领域的高创造力科学家，该研究扩展了测量和分析方法，以解决以下问题：中观层面的环境特征对被同行和学术奖项确定为高创造力的研究人员的创造性成就有影响，以及这些影响在这些研究人员的职业道路上有什么模式(如果有的话)。利用先前对获得提名的同龄人和两个领域的一组获奖者进行的调查数据，本项目开发了一个新的高创造性研究人员组的简历数据库和一个比较组，以(1)揭示中观层面的背景因素(团队、组织和机构)对高创造性研究绩效的影响；(2)确定职业模式的存在，作为个人内在能力和与高创造性研究相关的中观环境特征相互作用的结果；以及(3)探索被同行评估为具有高度创造性的工作与研究职业的其他特征，如生产力、卓越和可见性之间的关系。这项研究通过进一步发展和扩展简历分析，为政策科学研究的方法论做出了贡献。确定研究环境中的中观因素对研究和人力资源管理以及资金计划的设计和实施具有重要意义。其中几个因素--如奖励机制、资助计划、研究网站的组织设置以及与职业相关的机制的促进--与大学和教师管理、工业研发管理、资助组织和国家研究政策有关。使用比较领域扩大了影响的范围。人类遗传学是一个成熟的生物医学领域，有一套相对稳定的学科支撑。相比之下，纳米技术是一个较新的新兴和跨学科领域。同样，该项目将研究结果扩展到美国以外的研究和创新系统。包含创意研究人员提名者、创意研究人员和比较小组简历以及奖项和奖品的变量的公共数据集将提供给其他人使用。研究人员计划在同行评议的期刊上发表结果，开发会议和网络可访问的文件，以及一个政策研讨会，以进一步与科学政策实践者一起发展这项研究的影响。由于这项研究是由一个国际团队进行的，研究的是国际科学家群体，它将加强比较的国际研究联系，并为年轻研究人员提供衡量创造力和组织影响力的培训机会。