MOD: Public Value Mapping: Developing a Non-Economic Model of the Social Value of Science and Innovation Policy

科学和创新政策旨在调动知识，支持广泛的社会愿望和价值观。然而，用于评估安全倡议的分析工具和模型主要侧重于经济价值。评估科学的社会影响的分析工具往往植根于微观经济学(例如收益-成本分析)。创新模型和配套工具的经济学所基于的假设不可避免地影响到SIP的评估和选择。例如，把重点放在“科学和技术作为经济增长的引擎”上的倾向，在一定程度上造成了在研究活动的影响分配中对公平的关注有限。不容易用经济术语表达的价值观受到的关注较少，这仅仅是因为缺乏令人信服的和具体的思考方式。包括经济学家在内的几乎所有观察人士都认识到，经济模型和衡量标准并不能很好地解释一些社会价值观。经济模型的影响在一定程度上是因为，在开发方法来概念化那些与科学和创新相关的价值方面进展有限，这些价值不容易用货币来表达。本研究的目的是进一步发展一个基于公众价值观的SIP模式。这项工作的核心是两个基本问题：公共价值观是什么，证明特定的SIP是合理的；给定的SIP产生支持和促进这些价值观的结果的能力是什么？本研究将这些问题付诸实施，并将它们应用于使用研究人员称之为公共价值映射(PVM)的方法来开发SIP决策模型。公共价值管理的核心假设是：(1)可以确定公共价值，包括那些没有被经济结构很好地捕捉到的价值；(2)正如人们可以评估市场失灵一样，当市场和公共部门都没有提供实现指定公共价值所需的商品和服务时，就会发生“公共价值失灵”；以及(3)创新不仅可以通过对经济增长和生产力的贡献来表征，也可以通过实现的公共价值来表征。这项工作需要理论发展和案例研究来推进和检验PVM模型。四个案例研究(以及由其他来源资助的另外三个研究)随后通过一个共同的分析框架相互联系，为分析带来了多种视角。案例研究是专门为借鉴当前的PVM理论而设计的，同时也测试和改进了该理论。每个案例都以所分析的公共价值的明确陈述开始，然后通过对每个案例所嵌入的独特的创新过程进行建模，来“绘制”朝着公共价值的进程。案例研究的整合增加了PVM模型的经验稳健性。一种基于广泛共享的非经济价值观--公共价值观--的新创新模式将代表着在研究和分析科学和创新政策方面的重大智力进步。本研究：(1)促进了对政府投资计划与公共价值之间关系的理解；(2)根据创新的“流失模型”，进一步发展了公共价值地图，强调了创新的社会影响和创新系统创造新的有益影响的能力；以及(3)发展了PVM模型，作为评估和设计国家投资计划的新的理论和经验基础。新的创新模式将为国家创新战略分析人员提供理论和方法基础，以公共价值作为衡量成功的标准，为科学和创新投资和机构设计决策提供评估和信息。该模型也是朝着开发面向公众价值的SIP决策工具迈出的关键的第一步，这些工具可以广泛部署在SIP决策过程中。

Science and innovation policies (SIPs) aim at mobilizing knowledge in support of a wide range of societal aspirations and values. However, analytical tools and models for the assessment of SIPs focus predominantly on economic values. Analytical tools for assessing social impacts of science tend to be anchored in microeconomics (e.g. benefit-cost analysis). The assumptions upon which economics of innovation models and attendant tools are based inevitably affect SIP assessments and choices. For example, the tendency to focus on "science and technology as the engine of economic growth" has contributed in part to the limited attention to equity in the distribution of the impacts of research activities. Values not easily expressed in economic terms receive less attention simply owing to the absence of compelling and concrete ways of thinking about them. Nearly all observers, including economists, recognize that some social values are not well accounted for by economic models and measures. The influence of economic models in SIP is in part explained by limited progress in developing ways to conceptualize those science- and innovation-related values not easily expressed in monetary terms. The purpose of this study is to further develop a public-values-based model for SIP. At the core of this work are two fundamental questions: What are the public values that justify particular SIPs, and what is the capacity of a given SIP to yield outcomes that support and advance those values? The research operationalizes these questions and applies them to the development of a SIP decision model using a method that the researchers term Public Value Mapping (PVM). Core assumptions of PVM are: (1) that it is possible to identify public values, including ones not well captured by economic constructs; (2) just as one can assess market failure, "public value failure" occurs when neither the market nor the public sector provides goods and services required to achieve designated public values; and (3) innovation can be characterized not only in terms of contributions to economic growth and productivity but also in terms of public values achieved. This work entails theory development as well as case studies to advance and test the PVM model. Four case studies (as well as three additional studies funded from other sources) are then inter-linked by a common analytical framework, bringing multiple perspectives to the analysis. Case studies are designed specifically to draw from current PVM theory while also testing and improving the theory. Each case begins with an explicit statement of the public values analyzed, and proceeds to "map" progress toward public values by modeling the distinctive innovation process in which each case is embedded. Integration of case studies adds empirical robustness to the PVM model. A new model of innovation based on widely shared, non-economic values--public values--would represent a major intellectual advance in the study and analysis of science and innovation policies. This study: (1) advances understanding of the links between SIPs and public values; (2) further develops Public Value Mapping in terms of a "churn model" of innovation, emphasizing the social impacts of innovations and the capacity of innovation systems to create new beneficial impacts; and (3) develops the PVM model as a new theoretically and empirically grounded foundation for assessing and designing SIPs. The new model of innovation will provide SIP analysts a theoretical and methodological foundation for assessing and informing science and innovation investment and institutional design decisions, using public values as the measure of success. The model is also meant to be a crucial first step toward developing public-values-oriented SIP decision tools that could be widely deployed in SIP decision making processes.