Family Policies and the Wage Penalty: A Cross-National and Multilevel Approach

michelle BudigJoya misa马萨诸塞州大学阿默斯分校家庭成功地将有偿工作和照顾工作结合起来的能力影响着美国成人和儿童的福祉。虽然美国目前创造工作和家庭平衡的许多解决方案都留给了个人，但社会科学家和活动人士经常认为，公共政策可以帮助家庭实现这种平衡。工作家庭政策包括带薪或无薪的育儿和家庭假，补贴或国家提供的儿童保育，学校安排和灵活的工作时间政策。这些政策在平等妇女经济地位方面的效果如何？该研究考察了社会政策对母亲工资惩罚的影响，特别是具体政策如何影响母亲将工作和家庭结合起来的能力。研究的目的是：了解为什么在一些国家，母亲会因为孩子而受到工资惩罚，惩罚的大小如何不同，以及具体的社会政策是否会改变这些惩罚。这项研究的独特和新颖之处在于，它试图使用层次线性模型直接衡量政策对母亲工资惩罚的影响。政策和跨国母性工资处罚的差异为了解政策如何减少或增加不同种类的不平等提供了一个极好的机会。调查人员将分析一个由美国国家科学基金会资助的新创建的原始社会政策数据库，该数据库衡量22个国家的家庭政策。他们将把这个数据库与卢森堡收入研究（LIS）联系起来，后者为比较经济合作与发展组织（OECD）国家的收入提供了最好的跨国数据。在方法上，这一方法比以前关于家庭政策影响的讨论显示出重大的创新。pi不是简单地显示政策组合和家庭资源之间的关联，而是将使用分层线性模型直接测试每项政策对结果的影响，同时运行各种敏感性分析以确保结果是稳健的。其中包括随机效应模型和具有上下文变量相互作用的固定效应模型。这项研究并不是简单地用一个指数来综合家庭政策措施，而是单独考察了特定的工作与家庭政策。在美国和其他国家，家庭成功地将有偿工作和照顾工作结合起来的能力影响着成人和儿童的福祉。工作家庭政策，包括带薪或无薪育儿假、补贴或国家提供的托儿服务、学校安排和灵活的工作时间政策，被认为有利于家庭的福祉，但它们的影响在很大程度上是无法衡量的。通过研究22个国家的各种工作家庭政策的影响，这项研究具有更广泛的意义，因为它有助于我们更好地理解政策如何影响女性的就业参与和收入，这是家庭幸福和家庭类型之间日益不平等背后的关键因素。

SES-0751505Michelle BudigJoya MisraUniversity of Massachusetts-AmherstThe ability of families to successfully combine paid work and caring work affects the wellbeing of adults and children in America. While many of the current solutions in the U.S. for creating work and family balance are left to individuals, social scientists and activists often argue that public policy could assist families achieve this balance. Work-family policies include paid or unpaid parental and family leave, subsidized or state-provided childcare, school scheduling, and flexible work-time policies. How effective are these policies in equalizing the women's economic position? The research examines the effects of social policy on the wage penalty for motherhood, in particular, how specific policies affect the ability of mothers to combine work and family. Research aims are: to understand why mothers incur wage penalties for children in some countries, how penalties vary in size, and whether specific social policies alter these penalties. The research is unique and novel in its attempt to directly measure, using hierarchical linear modeling, the effects of policies on the motherhood wage penalty. The variation in both policies and cross-national motherhood wage penalties provides an excellent opportunity to learn how policies reduce or increase different kinds of inequality. The investigators will analyze a newly created and original NSF-funded Social Policy Database that measures family policies across twenty-two nations. They will link this database with the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), which provide the best cross-national data for comparing income across OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. Methodologically, this approach shows a significant innovation over previous discussions of family policy effects. Rather than simply showing associations between policy constellations and family resources, the PIs will use hierarchical linear modeling to directly test each policy's effects on outcomes, while running a variety of sensitivity analyses to ensure that results are robust. Included in these are random effects models and fixed-effects models with contextual variable interactions. Rather than simply using one index to combine family policy measures, the study also looks at particular work-family policies separately. The ability of families to successfully combine paid work and caring work affects the wellbeing of adults and children in America, as well as other countries. Work-family policies, including paid or unpaid parental leave, subsidized or state-provided childcare, school scheduling, and flexible work-time policies, are thought to benefit families' wellbeing, but their effects are largely unmeasured. By examining the impact of a variety of work-family policies across twenty-two nations, the research has broader implications in that it helps us to better understand how policies impact women's employment participation and earnings, which are key factors behind family wellbeing and the increasing inequality among family types.