Archaeological Research at the Pinnacle Ruin Site in Southern New Mexico

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，科罗拉多大学自然历史博物馆的斯蒂芬·h·勒克森将指导尖峰遗址遗址沉积物的挖掘和分析，尖峰遗址可能是新墨西哥州南部梅萨维德移民社区。美国西南部有很多移民研究可以提供：细粒度的时间和环境信息，优秀的地点分布数据，以及土著民族的传统历史以“移民故事”为中心。13世纪的移民是一个经典的例子：公元1250年至1300年间，成千上万的人离开了“四角”的梅萨维德和图萨扬-卡耶塔地区。这种迁移的考古表现形式从亚利桑那州东南部的经典“遗址单位入侵”到里约热内卢Grande北部的不太确定的案例，在那里，迁移的规模甚至现实都是争论的问题。介于两者之间的是新墨西哥南部的Magdalena阶段（公元1300年至1450年）。顶峰废墟是一个马格达莱纳阶段200个房间的村庄，靠近真理或后果镇，NM。它坐落在一个陡峭的，大概是防御性的山丘上。Pinnacle Ruin（以及其他Magdalena时期的城镇）的主要装饰陶器类型似乎是Mesa Verde的一种晚期形式，而Pinnacle Ruin的砖石结构更接近四角地区，而不是新墨西哥州南部的当地传统。似乎有几百名梅萨维德移民建立了马格达莱纳阶段的遗址。Pinnacle Ruin与维多利亚遗址共享一个小而孤立的Alamosa山谷，维多利亚遗址是一个拥有500个房间的Tularosa阶段（公元1175年至1300年）社区。尖峰遗址和维多利亚遗址相距不到1.25公里。过去的研究表明，这两个遗址是连续的，但最近的14C年代表明，顶峰遗址的最初占领时间早在公元1250年，与维多利亚遗址的最终占领时间相同。了解维多利亚遗址和顶峰遗址的时间关系对于理解马格达莱纳阶段迁移的社会背景至关重要。顶峰取代了还是取代了维多利亚？顶峰是否进入了维多利亚山谷，这或许可以解释它的防御环境？维多利亚遗址的居民是否采用了新的陶器和建筑，并成为顶峰？如果没有更好的时间顺序控制，这些和其他场景就无法评估。在顶峰废墟的挖掘将获得一个更大的人工制品样本和额外的数据材料，从其最早的水平；和14C日期将从维多利亚遗址的现有收藏品中获得。为了将Pinnacle Ruin置于更大的迁移理论中，拟议的研究将把Magdalena阶段与13世纪和14世纪亚利桑那州东南部和里约热内卢Grande北部的迁移进行比较。马格达莱纳阶段需要具体的数据：非常大的加利纳斯泉遗址的精确地图；澄清在Pinnacle Ruin的初步和解；尖峰遗址（Pinnacle Ruin）和附近维多利亚遗址（Victorio site）的精确年代测定；以及马格达莱纳黑白、加利斯图黑白（北部里约热内卢Grande的一种类似类型）、麦克埃尔莫和梅萨维德黑白类型的陶瓷研究。尖峰遗址项目的知识价值包括：(1)对加拿大阿拉莫萨的史前史的贡献，阿拉莫萨是北部普韦布洛（“阿纳萨齐”）和南部普韦布洛（“莫高隆”）地区之间的边界；(2)马格达莱纳阶段的评估：14世纪长途迁徙的一个重要但奇怪的被忽视的候选案例；(3)对迁移研究的考古方法的贡献，对迁移理论的影响。尖峰遗址项目更广泛的影响包括：(1)培养古代西南地理和考古方面的研究生；(2)与当地多家非学术性非营利机构合作；(3)促进里约热内卢Alamosa社区的历史保护；(4)与普韦布洛部落进行磋商和信息共享；(5)与该领域其他两个正在进行的研究项目的贡献和合作；(6)探索科学考古学与人文历史相互作用的方法论发展。

With National Science Foundation support, Stephen H. Lekson of the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History will direct the excavation and analysis of deposits at the Pinnacle Ruin site, a probable Mesa Verde migration community in southern New Mexico. The U.S. Southwest has much to offer migration studies: fine-grained chronological and environmental information, excellent site distribution data, and Native peoples whose traditional histories center on "migration stories." The 13th century migrations present a classic case: tens of thousands of people left the Mesa Verde and Tusayan-Kayenta regions of the "Four Corners" between AD 1250 and 1300. Archaeological manifestations of this migration range from classic "site unit intrusions" in southeastern Arizona to less certain cases in the northern Rio Grande, where the magnitude and even reality of in-migration are matters of debate. Falling between, both in location and in clarity, is the Magdalena phase (AD 1300 to 1450) of southern New Mexico. Pinnacle Ruin is a Magdalena phase 200-room pueblo near the town of Truth-or-Consequences, NM. It sits atop a sheer-sided, presumably defensive butte. The main decorated pottery type at Pinnacle Ruin (and other Magdalena phase towns) appears to be a late form of Mesa Verde Black-on-white, and masonry at Pinnacle Ruin more closely resembles that of the Four Corners region than local traditions of southern New Mexico. It seems likely that several hundred Mesa Verde migrants founded the Magdalena phase sites. Pinnacle Ruin shares a small, isolated segment of the Rio Alamosa valley with the Victorio site, a 500-room Tularosa phase (AD 1175 to 1300) community. Pinnacle Ruin and the Victorio site are less than 1.25 km apart. Past work indicated that the two sites were sequential, but recent 14C dates suggest that the initial occupation of Pinnacle Ruin was as early as AD 1250, contemporary with the final occupation of the Victorio site. Understanding the chronological relationship of the Victorio site and Pinnacle Ruin is crucial to understanding the social context of Magdalena phase migrations. Did Pinnacle replace or displace Victorio? Did Pinnacle move into Victorio's valley, perhaps explaining its defensive setting? Did Victorio site population adopt new pottery and architecture, and become Pinnacle? These and other scenarios cannot be evaluated without better chronological control. Excavations at Pinnacle Ruin will obtain a larger artifact sample and additional datable materials from its earliest levels; and 14C dates will be obtained from existing collections from the Victorio site. To situate Pinnacle Ruin in the larger body of migration theory, the proposed research will compare the Magdalena phase with 13th and 14th century migrations in southeastern Arizona and the northern Rio Grande. Specific data is required for the Magdalena phase: an accurate map of the very large Gallinas Spring site; clarification of the initial settlement at Pinnacle Ruin; precise dating of Pinnacle Ruin and the earlier and perhaps partially contemporary near-by Victorio site; and ceramic studies of Magdalena Black-on-white, Galisteo Black-on-white (a comparable type in the northern Rio Grande), and McElmo and Mesa Verde black-on-white types. The intellectual merits of the Pinnacle Ruins Project include (1) contributions to the prehistory of Canada Alamosa, a frontier between northern Pueblo ("Anasazi") and southern Pueblo ("Mogollon") regions; (2) evaluation of the Magdalena phase: a major, but curiously overlooked candidate case for 14th century long-distance migration; and (3) contributions to archaeological methodology for the study of migration, with implications for migration theory. The broader impacts of the Pinnacle Ruin Project include (1) training graduate students in the geography and archaeology of the ancient Southwest; (2) collaboration with several local non-academic, non-profit institutions; (3) promotion of historic preservation in the Rio Alamosa community; (4) consultation and information sharing with Pueblo groups; (5) contribution and collaborations with two other on-going research programs in the area; and (6) development of methodologies to explore the interplay of scientific archaeology and humanistic history.