Archaeological Research at the Pinnacle Ruin Site in Southern New Mexico

在国家科学基金会的支持下，科罗拉多大学自然历史博物馆的史蒂芬·H·莱克森将指导对顶峰遗址的沉积物的挖掘和分析，该遗址可能是新墨西哥州南部的台地维德移民社区。美国西南部有很多可以提供移民研究的地方：精细的年代和环境信息，出色的遗址分布数据，以及传统历史以“移民故事”为中心的原住民。13世纪的移民是一个典型的例子：在公元1250年至1300年之间，成千上万的人离开了“四角”的梅萨维德和图萨扬-卡扬塔地区。这种迁徙的考古学表现形式从亚利桑那州东南部的经典“遗址单位入侵”到里奥格兰德北部的不太确定的案例，在那里迁入的规模甚至是现实都是有争议的问题。介于两者之间的是新墨西哥州南部的马格达莱纳阶段(公元1300年至1450年)。顶峰废墟是新墨西哥州真心话或后果镇附近的马格达莱纳阶段200个房间的普韦布洛。它坐落在一个纯粹的侧面，想必是防御性的枪托。顶峰遗址(和其他马格达莱纳阶段的城镇)的主要装饰陶器类型似乎是梅萨维德白底黑白的晚期形式，顶峰遗址的砖石更像是四角地区的砖石，而不是新墨西哥州南部的当地传统。似乎可能是数百名梅萨维德移民创建了马格达莱纳阶段工地。顶峰废墟与维多利亚遗址共享里约阿拉莫萨山谷的一小部分，这是一个有500个房间的图拉罗萨阶段(公元1175年至1300年)社区。顶峰遗址和维多利亚遗址相距不到1.25公里。过去的工作表明，这两个遗址是相继的，但最近的14C年代表明，顶峰遗址的最初占领早在公元1250年，与维多利亚遗址的最后占领同期。了解维多利亚遗址和顶峰遗址的年代关系，对于理解马格达莱纳阶段迁徙的社会背景至关重要。顶峰是取代了维托里奥还是取代了维托里奥？顶峰是否进入了维多利亚的山谷，或许是为了解释它的防御环境？维多利亚遗址的居民是否采用了新的陶器和建筑，并成为顶峰？如果没有更好的时间控制，就无法对这些和其他情景进行评估。在顶峰遗址的挖掘将从最早的水平获得更大的文物样本和更多的可测年材料；14C年代将从维多利亚遗址的现有收藏中获得。为了将顶峰遗址置于更大的移民理论体系中，拟议的研究将把马格达莱纳阶段与13世纪和14世纪在亚利桑那州东南部和格兰德河北部的移民进行比较。马格达莱纳阶段需要特别的数据：非常大的加里纳斯泉遗址的准确地图；澄清顶峰遗址的初始定居点；顶峰遗址和附近维多利亚遗址更早的、可能是部分当代的精确年代测定；以及对马格达莱纳白底黑、加利斯托白底黑(里奥格兰德北部的类似类型)以及麦克埃尔莫和梅萨维德白底黑的陶器研究。顶峰遗址项目的学术价值包括(1)对加拿大阿拉莫萨史前的贡献，这是位于普韦布洛(“阿纳萨齐”)北部和普韦布洛(“莫戈隆”)地区之间的边界；(2)对马格达莱纳阶段的评估：14世纪长途移民的一个重大但令人奇怪地被忽视的候选案例；(3)对移民研究的考古方法的贡献，以及对移民理论的影响。顶峰遗址项目的更广泛影响包括：(1)培训研究生学习古代西南部的地理和考古；(2)与当地几个非学术、非营利机构合作；(3)促进里约阿拉莫萨社区的历史保护；(4)与普韦布洛小组进行磋商和信息共享；(5)与该地区另外两个正在进行的研究计划的贡献和合作；以及(6)开发探索科学考古学和人文历史相互作用的方法。

With National Science Foundation support, Stephen H. Lekson of the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History will direct the excavation and analysis of deposits at the Pinnacle Ruin site, a probable Mesa Verde migration community in southern New Mexico. The U.S. Southwest has much to offer migration studies: fine-grained chronological and environmental information, excellent site distribution data, and Native peoples whose traditional histories center on "migration stories." The 13th century migrations present a classic case: tens of thousands of people left the Mesa Verde and Tusayan-Kayenta regions of the "Four Corners" between AD 1250 and 1300. Archaeological manifestations of this migration range from classic "site unit intrusions" in southeastern Arizona to less certain cases in the northern Rio Grande, where the magnitude and even reality of in-migration are matters of debate. Falling between, both in location and in clarity, is the Magdalena phase (AD 1300 to 1450) of southern New Mexico. Pinnacle Ruin is a Magdalena phase 200-room pueblo near the town of Truth-or-Consequences, NM. It sits atop a sheer-sided, presumably defensive butte. The main decorated pottery type at Pinnacle Ruin (and other Magdalena phase towns) appears to be a late form of Mesa Verde Black-on-white, and masonry at Pinnacle Ruin more closely resembles that of the Four Corners region than local traditions of southern New Mexico. It seems likely that several hundred Mesa Verde migrants founded the Magdalena phase sites. Pinnacle Ruin shares a small, isolated segment of the Rio Alamosa valley with the Victorio site, a 500-room Tularosa phase (AD 1175 to 1300) community. Pinnacle Ruin and the Victorio site are less than 1.25 km apart. Past work indicated that the two sites were sequential, but recent 14C dates suggest that the initial occupation of Pinnacle Ruin was as early as AD 1250, contemporary with the final occupation of the Victorio site. Understanding the chronological relationship of the Victorio site and Pinnacle Ruin is crucial to understanding the social context of Magdalena phase migrations. Did Pinnacle replace or displace Victorio? Did Pinnacle move into Victorio's valley, perhaps explaining its defensive setting? Did Victorio site population adopt new pottery and architecture, and become Pinnacle? These and other scenarios cannot be evaluated without better chronological control. Excavations at Pinnacle Ruin will obtain a larger artifact sample and additional datable materials from its earliest levels; and 14C dates will be obtained from existing collections from the Victorio site. To situate Pinnacle Ruin in the larger body of migration theory, the proposed research will compare the Magdalena phase with 13th and 14th century migrations in southeastern Arizona and the northern Rio Grande. Specific data is required for the Magdalena phase: an accurate map of the very large Gallinas Spring site; clarification of the initial settlement at Pinnacle Ruin; precise dating of Pinnacle Ruin and the earlier and perhaps partially contemporary near-by Victorio site; and ceramic studies of Magdalena Black-on-white, Galisteo Black-on-white (a comparable type in the northern Rio Grande), and McElmo and Mesa Verde black-on-white types. The intellectual merits of the Pinnacle Ruins Project include (1) contributions to the prehistory of Canada Alamosa, a frontier between northern Pueblo ("Anasazi") and southern Pueblo ("Mogollon") regions; (2) evaluation of the Magdalena phase: a major, but curiously overlooked candidate case for 14th century long-distance migration; and (3) contributions to archaeological methodology for the study of migration, with implications for migration theory. The broader impacts of the Pinnacle Ruin Project include (1) training graduate students in the geography and archaeology of the ancient Southwest; (2) collaboration with several local non-academic, non-profit institutions; (3) promotion of historic preservation in the Rio Alamosa community; (4) consultation and information sharing with Pueblo groups; (5) contribution and collaborations with two other on-going research programs in the area; and (6) development of methodologies to explore the interplay of scientific archaeology and humanistic history.