Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon, and Tracer Measurements, 2009-2014

知识价值：从2003-2008年开始的系统和全球重新占领选定的水文剖面的工作将在2009-2014年期间继续进行，其目标仍然是量化热量、淡水、二氧化碳（CO2）和相关化学参数的储存和运输变化。该计划支持CLIVAR（气候变率和可预测性）和碳科学计划，是全球物理气候和碳系统观测系统的一个组成部分。通过整合碳、示踪剂和水文测量界的科学需求，将继续实现重大的科学协同效应和成本节约。除了效率之外，协调的方法产生的科学进步超过了单独的项目。这些进展继续有助于实现以下重叠的科学目标：用于模型校准、验证和基于模型的综合的数据；碳系统研究；热量和淡水储存和通量研究；深浅水质量及通风研究；自主传感器的标定。一项关于海洋碳循环和循环的联合研究正在帮助确定海洋环流的潜在变化可能对未来人为吸收产生严重后果的关键区域。全球变暖导致的海洋变化？通过这些长期测量，科学家们正在跟踪研究可能影响环流的热量和淡水的输送。每年平均举办两个节，有时与国际合作伙伴合作。在每个剖面上进行的测量包括水文（盐度、温度、氧气、营养物质、海流的全深度垂直剖面）、航行中表面温度、盐度、二氧化碳分压（pCO2）、海气通量、测深、导航)、碳系统（溶解无机碳，pCO2）。总碱度、pH、溶解有机碳和氮)和瞬态示踪剂（CFCs、SF6、氚/3He）。本项目将收集数据并执行由参考质量数据提供者例行执行的质量控制措施。巡航后的数据更新、分发和存档将继续由有单独资金的小组管理。这个正在进行的项目与监测海洋对气候变化的反应的更大的国际努力相结合。更广泛的影响：研究结果将广泛传播，以增进对科学和技术的了解。该项目基于这样一个基本概念，即收集的数据属于社区，并可供整个社区使用，而不是仅为参与项目的调查人员专有。数据政策是严格的，旨在迅速和公开传播，具有明确的结构，以便所有数据都经过彻底的质量控制并传输到公认的数据中心。这种雄心勃勃的开放程度导致了数据的快速和广泛的可用性和使用。该项目的社会效益包括收集高质量的数据集，并利用这些数据评估气候变化。全球方案提供了具有年代际覆盖范围的气候重要参数的完整水柱数据。这些数据正在并将用于评估气候变化，方法是量化海洋对人为二氧化碳的吸收和储存，并有助于了解控制二氧化碳吸收和输送到海洋内部的过程并建立模型。由于这些可能是2000米以下唯一的系统观测，它们现在和将来都将被用来记录海洋变暖、热量和淡水通量的长期趋势。这些数据仍将是气候系统模式校准的资源。该项目将继续促进培训和学习。它将继续作为培训和吸引研究生、博士后科学家和从事航海工作的新科学家的社区资源。一旦有机会，将继续开展外联活动。

Intellectual Merit: The systematic and global re-occupation of select hydrographic sections begun during 2003-2008 will be continued in the 2009-2014 period with the continued objective of quantifying changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and related chemical parameters. The program is in support of CLIVAR (CLImate Variability and predictability) and the Carbon Science Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical climate and carbon system. By integrating the scientific needs of the carbon, tracer and hydrographic communities, major scientific synergies and cost savings will continue to be achieved. In addition to efficiency, the coordinated approach produces scientific advances that exceed those of having individual programs. These advances continue to contribute to the following overlapping scientific objectives: Data for Model Calibration, Validation and Model Based Synthesis; Carbon System Studies; Heat and Freshwater Storage and Flux Studies; Deep and Shallow Water Mass and Ventilation Studies; and Calibration of Autonomous Sensors. A joint study of the ocean carbon cycle and circulation is helping to identify critical areas where potential changes in ocean circulation could have serious consequences for future anthropogenic uptake. Global warming-induced changes in the ocean?s transport of heat and freshwater, which could affect the circulation, are being followed through these long-term measurements. An average of two sections will be conducted every year, sometime collaboratively with international partner. The measurements made on each section include hydrography (full-depth vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nutrients, currents), Underway surface temperature, salinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), air-sea fluxes, bathymetry, navigation), carbon system (dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2. Total Alkalinity, pH, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen), and transient tracers (CFCs, SF6, tritium/3He). This project will collect the data and perform the quality control measures routinely carried out by providers of reference-quality data. Post-cruise data updates, distribution, and archive will continue to be managed by groups with separate funding. This ongoing project is integrated with a larger international effort to monitor the ocean's response to climate change.Broader Impacts: The results will be disseminated broadly to enhance scientific and technological understanding. The project is based on the fundamental concept that data collected belong to the community, and are available to the community at large rather than being proprietary for the investigators involved in the project. The data policy is stringent and geared towards rapid and open dissemination, with a clear structure for all data to undergo thorough quality control and transmission to a recognized data center. This ambitious degree of openness has resulted in rapid and widespread availability and use of the data. The project benefits to society include the collection of a high quality data set, and use of the data to assess climate change. The global program provides full water column data of climatically significant parameters with decadal coverage. These data are and will be used to assess climate change by quantifying the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean, and contributing to an understanding and models of the processes that control the uptake and transport of CO2 into the ocean's interior. Since these are likely to be the only systematic observations below 2000 m, they are and will be used to document long term trends in ocean warming, and heat and freshwater fluxes. The data will remain a resource for model calibration of the climate system. The project will continue to promote training and learning. It will continue to serve as a community resource for training and entraining graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and new scientists in sea-going work. Outreach activities will continue as opportunities arise.