Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon, and Tracer Measurements, 2009-2014

智力优势：2009-2014年期间，将继续对2003-2008年期间开始的选定水文断面进行系统和全面的重新占用，目标仍然是量化热量、淡水、二氧化碳和相关化学参数的储存和输送变化。该计划支持CLIVAR（气候变化和可预测性）和碳科学计划，是物理气候和碳系统全球观测系统的组成部分。通过整合碳、示踪剂和水文学界的科学需求，将继续实现重大的科学协同增效和成本节约。除了效率，协调的方法产生的科学进步超过了那些有单独的计划。这些进展继续有助于实现以下重叠的科学目标：模型校准、验证和基于模型的合成数据;碳系统研究;热量和淡水储存和通量研究;深水和浅水质量和通风研究;以及自主传感器的校准。对海洋碳循环和环流的联合研究有助于确定海洋环流的潜在变化可能对未来人类吸收产生严重后果的关键领域。全球变暖引起的海洋变化？通过这些长期测量，正在跟踪可能影响循环的热量和淡水的输送。平均每年将举办两节，有时与国际伙伴合作。对每个断面进行的测量包括水文地理学（盐度、温度、氧气、营养物、海流的全深度垂直剖面）、海底表层温度、盐度、二氧化碳分压（pCO 2）、海气通量、水深测量、导航）、碳系统（溶解无机碳，pCO 2）。总碱度、pH值、溶解的有机碳和氮）和瞬态示踪剂（CFCs、SF6、氚/3 He）。该项目将收集数据，并执行由参考质量数据提供者常规执行的质量控制措施。航行后的数据更新、分发和存档将继续由各小组管理，并单独提供资金。这一正在进行的项目与监测海洋对气候变化的反应的更大的国际努力相结合。更广泛的影响：结果将被广泛传播，以提高科学和技术的理解。该项目的基本概念是，收集的数据属于社区，可供广大社区使用，而不是为参与该项目的调查人员专有。数据政策是严格的，并面向快速和开放的传播，有一个明确的结构，所有数据进行彻底的质量控制和传输到一个公认的数据中心。这种雄心勃勃的开放程度导致了数据的快速和广泛的可用性和使用。该项目对社会的好处包括收集高质量的数据集，并利用这些数据评估气候变化。全球方案提供了具有年代际覆盖范围的气候重要参数的完整水柱数据。这些数据现在和将来都将用于评估气候变化，方法是量化海洋对人为CO2的吸收和储存，并有助于了解控制海洋内部吸收和输送CO2的过程并建立模型。由于这些可能是2000米以下唯一的系统观测，它们将被用来记录海洋变暖以及热量和淡水通量的长期趋势。这些数据仍将是气候系统模型校准的一个资源。该项目将继续促进培训和学习。它将继续作为培训和吸引研究生、博士后科学家和从事航海工作的新科学家的社区资源。外联活动将在机会出现时继续进行。

Intellectual Merit: The systematic and global re-occupation of select hydrographic sections begun during 2003-2008 will be continued in the 2009-2014 period with the continued objective of quantifying changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and related chemical parameters. The program is in support of CLIVAR (CLImate Variability and predictability) and the Carbon Science Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical climate and carbon system. By integrating the scientific needs of the carbon, tracer and hydrographic communities, major scientific synergies and cost savings will continue to be achieved. In addition to efficiency, the coordinated approach produces scientific advances that exceed those of having individual programs. These advances continue to contribute to the following overlapping scientific objectives: Data for Model Calibration, Validation and Model Based Synthesis; Carbon System Studies; Heat and Freshwater Storage and Flux Studies; Deep and Shallow Water Mass and Ventilation Studies; and Calibration of Autonomous Sensors. A joint study of the ocean carbon cycle and circulation is helping to identify critical areas where potential changes in ocean circulation could have serious consequences for future anthropogenic uptake. Global warming-induced changes in the ocean?s transport of heat and freshwater, which could affect the circulation, are being followed through these long-term measurements. An average of two sections will be conducted every year, sometime collaboratively with international partner. The measurements made on each section include hydrography (full-depth vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nutrients, currents), Underway surface temperature, salinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), air-sea fluxes, bathymetry, navigation), carbon system (dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2. Total Alkalinity, pH, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen), and transient tracers (CFCs, SF6, tritium/3He). This project will collect the data and perform the quality control measures routinely carried out by providers of reference-quality data. Post-cruise data updates, distribution, and archive will continue to be managed by groups with separate funding. This ongoing project is integrated with a larger international effort to monitor the ocean's response to climate change.Broader Impacts: The results will be disseminated broadly to enhance scientific and technological understanding. The project is based on the fundamental concept that data collected belong to the community, and are available to the community at large rather than being proprietary for the investigators involved in the project. The data policy is stringent and geared towards rapid and open dissemination, with a clear structure for all data to undergo thorough quality control and transmission to a recognized data center. This ambitious degree of openness has resulted in rapid and widespread availability and use of the data. The project benefits to society include the collection of a high quality data set, and use of the data to assess climate change. The global program provides full water column data of climatically significant parameters with decadal coverage. These data are and will be used to assess climate change by quantifying the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean, and contributing to an understanding and models of the processes that control the uptake and transport of CO2 into the ocean's interior. Since these are likely to be the only systematic observations below 2000 m, they are and will be used to document long term trends in ocean warming, and heat and freshwater fluxes. The data will remain a resource for model calibration of the climate system. The project will continue to promote training and learning. It will continue to serve as a community resource for training and entraining graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and new scientists in sea-going work. Outreach activities will continue as opportunities arise.