Collaborative Research: Race, Immigration, and Citizenship in the Americas

PI: David S Fitzgerald和David cook - martin机构：加州大学圣地亚哥分校和格林内尔学院题目：合作研究：美洲的种族、移民和公民身份项目摘要：如何解释过去150年来美洲移民和公民政策中的种族和国籍偏好？许多学者认为，对特定群体歧视的终结是由政治自由主义在全球取得胜利造成的，自由民主的强大典范在其影响范围内塑造了各国的政策。然而，如果自由主义与种族主义是不相容的，为什么美国和加拿大是20世纪初在美洲传播种族化政策限制的领导者？为什么在第二次世界大战前后，拉丁美洲的独裁政权在美国和加拿大等自由民主国家在20世纪60年代做了同样的事情之前的一代人，就从他们的移民法中删除了负面的种族歧视？这项研究将通过创建一个原始数据库来回答这些问题，该数据库是自1850年以来美洲22个主要国家的移民和公民法律中种族和国籍偏好的数据库。对时间序列数据的统计分析将检验具体的政治、人口和经济条件在多大程度上解释这些政策中的种族化程度。定量分析将辅以基于档案材料和五个主要移民国家的二手文献的案例研究。美国、加拿大、阿根廷、巴西和古巴？而墨西哥则是一个寻求大规模移民但未能吸引到的国家的反面例子。本项目的智力价值在于：(a)其跨国比较和较长的时间框架，以及(b)使用案例研究来解决定量分析中出现的难题和差距的研究策略。提出的系统性长期观点具有潜在的变革性，因为它表明，自由民主的内部包容性往往建立在对外部人士的绝对排斥之上。这项研究?更广泛的影响将包括：(1)对当代移民政策的教训（当前反对种族主义排斥的立场是否在历史上是偶然的，因此是可逆的，平等主义法律在实践中如何歧视种族，种族主义排斥是否可能让位于政治上更容易接受，但仍然是歧视性的绝对区别）；(2)采用基于探究的方法，结合定性和定量研究方法，对代表性不足的学生进行培训；(3)将项目数据整合到本科课程和研究指导中，并为研究生提供研究学徒。此外，(4)研究结果将通过研讨会、会议演讲、在知名网站和学术出版物上发布原始数据和结果，向学术界、政策制定者和其他利益相关者广泛传播。最后，(5)通过开发适当的共享技术，它促进了跨学科（社会学和经济学）以及不同类型的研究和教学机构（加州大学圣地亚哥分校和格林内尔学院）的合作。

PI: David S Fitzgerald and David Cook-MartinInstitutions: University of California, San Diego and Grinnell CollegeTitle: Collaborative Research: Race, Immigration, and Citizenship in the Americas SES-0819506 and 0819571Project AbstractWhat explains racial and national origin preferences in immigration and citizenship policy in the Americas over the last 150 years? Many scholars have argued that the end of discrimination against particular groups was caused by the global triumph of political liberalism and that powerful exemplars of liberal democracy shaped the policies of countries in their sphere of influence. And yet, if liberalism is incompatible with racism, why were the United States and Canada leaders in the spread of racialized policy restrictions in the Americas during the early twentieth century? Why did authoritarian Latin American regimes remove negative racial discrimination from their immigration laws around World War II, a generation before liberal-democratic states like the United States and Canada did the same in the 1960s? This study will answer those questions by creating an original database of racial and national origin preferences in the immigration and citizenship laws of 22 major countries of the Americas since 1850. A statistical analysis of time series data will test the extent to which specific political, demographic, and economic conditions explain levels of racialization in those policies. The quantitative analysis will be complemented by case studies based on archival materials and the secondary literature of the five primary countries of immigration ? the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba ? and Mexico as a negative instance of a country that sought, but failed to attract mass immigration.The intellectual merit of this project lies in (a) its cross-country comparisons and long time frame, and (b) a research strategy of using case-studies to address the puzzles and gaps that emerge from quantitative analyses. The systemic long-view proposed is potentially transformative because it shows how the internal inclusiveness of liberal democracy often rests on categorical exclusions of outsiders. The study?s broader impacts will include (1) lessons for contemporary immigration policy (whether the current stance against racist exclusion is historically contingent and thus reversible, how egalitarian laws may in practice discriminate by race, and if racialist exclusions may be giving way to more politically palatable, but still discriminatory categorical distinctions); (2) using an inquiry-based approach to train underrepresented students in a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies; (3) the integration of project data into the undergraduate curriculum and research mentorship, and the provision of research apprenticeships for graduate students. In addition, (4) findings will be disseminated to a wide audience of academics, policymakers, and other stakeholders through workshops, conference presentations, and publication of original data and results in high-profile Internet sites and academic publications. Finally, (5) it fosters collaboration across disciplines (sociology and economics) and types of research and teaching institutions (UC San Diego and Grinnell College) by, among other things, developing appropriate sharing technologies.