A Bio-Social Model of Positive Ingroup Regard

人类积极地看待他们所属的群体(即群体)，并对他们的群体制定有利的信念、态度和行为。这种积极的群体关注是无处不在的，因为它在多种文化中都是明显的，既是对暂时形成的群体的反应，也是对持久群体的反应，并在最低限度的条件下迅速激活。通过整合有关群体的社会心理学文献、人类进化的多层次模型和详细说明哺乳动物激素催产素的附属效应的神经科学文献，拟议的研究开发并测试了一个关于积极群体的生物社会模型。该模型认为，被激活的群体成员意识(即“我们是一个群体”)触发催产素的释放，而催产素的释放反过来又促进了对群体及其成员的有利取向(即对群体的积极关注)。根据该模型，积极的内部群体将职能视为一个进化的群体内社会调节过程的一部分，该过程促进了群体的稳定性和个人在其中的成员资格。三个拟议的实验测试了生物-社会模型。实验一测试了一种整合感是否会触发催产素的释放，以及催产素是否会作为积极的群体态度和行为的荷尔蒙中介。实验2考察了催产素的释放是差异性的，还是差异性地影响了在缺乏竞争对手外群的组内环境中的行为，而不是存在竞争外群的组间环境中的行为。实验3考察了更微妙的问题，即催产素是响应于内部组成员、内部组的抽象概念还是个体成员和内部组结构而触发的。通过整合传统的社会心理学、进化论和关于催产素的神经科学文献，这项研究推进了对人类为什么积极地看待他们所属群体的现有的概念性和经验性理解。

Humans positively regard the groups to which they belong (i.e., ingroups) and enact favorable beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors toward their groups. Such positive ingroup regard is ubiquitous in the sense that it is evidenced in multiple cultures, arises in response to both momentarily-formed groups and enduring groups, and activates quickly under the most minimal of conditions. By integrating the social psychological literature on groups, multi-level models of human evolution, and a neuroscience literature that details the affiliative effects of the mammalian hormone oxytocin, the proposed research develops and tests a bio-social model of positive ingroup regard. The model suggests that an activated sense of group membership (i.e., "we are a group") triggers the release of oxytocin which in turn promotes a favorable orientation toward the group and its members (i.e., positive ingroup regard). According to the model, positive ingroup regard functions as part of an evolved intragroup social-regulation process that promotes the stability of the group and an individual's membership therein. Three proposed experiments test the bio-social model. Experiment 1 tests whether a sense of ingroupness triggers oxytocin release and whether oxytocin serves as a hormonal mediator of positive ingroup attitudes and behaviors. Experiment 2 examines whether oxytocin is released differentially or differentially affects behavior in an intragroup context that lacks a rival outgroup versus an intergroup context in which a rival outgroup is present. Experiment 3 examines the more nuanced issue of whether oxytocin is triggered in response to ingroup members, the abstract concept of the ingroup, or both individual members and the ingroup construct. By integrating traditional social psychology, evolutionary theory, and the neuroscience literature on oxytocin the proposed research advances the extant conceptual and empirical understanding of why humans positively regard the groups to which they belong.