Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience of Moral Judgment

道德判断的认知和情感神经科学

• 批准号: 0821978
• 负责人: Joshua Greene
• 金额: $ 74.9万
• 依托单位: Harvard University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-08-01 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0821978&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Cognitive; Affective; Neuroscience; Moral; Judgment

Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience of Moral JudgmentConsider the following moral dilemma: It's wartime. You and your fellow villagers are hiding from nearby enemy soldiers in a basement. Your baby starts to cry, and you cover your baby's mouth to block the sound. If you remove your hand, your baby will cry loudly, and the soldiers will hear. They will find you, your baby, and the others, and they will kill all of you. If you do not remove your hand, your baby will smother to death. Is it morally acceptable to smother your baby to death in order to save yourself and the other villagers?Dilemmas such as this one, in addition to being troubling and puzzling, are a window into the psychology and neuroscience of moral decision-making. People often speak of a "moral faculty" or a "moral sense," suggesting that moral judgment is a unified phenomenon, but recent research strongly suggests that this is not so. Rather, it seems that moral judgment depends on a complex interplay between intuitive emotional responses and more deliberative controlled responses that depend on different parts of the brain. When we confront dilemmas like the one above, these neural systems compete for control of behavior.The goal of this project is to use behavioral testing and cutting-edge neuroscientific techniques to help us understand how different kinds of moral decisions are influenced by emotional responses and controlled cognitive processes. Some experiments aim to illuminate how the brain represents moral costs and benefits. Other experiments are focused on the role of social obligations in moral judgment. Some experiments use hypothetical moral dilemmas such as the one above, while others involve real decisions with real consequences for real people.Understanding how the human brain makes moral judgments is important from a basic science perspective, but it is also a matter of broader social concern. Our capacity for moral judgment is central to our identities as humans, and understanding this capacity in biological terms may change the way we approach controversial moral issues and may also, in the long run, dramatically change the way we see ourselves and each other.

道德判断的认知和情感神经科学考虑以下道德困境：这是战争时期。你和你的村民们躲在地下室躲避附近的敌军。你的宝宝开始哭了，你捂住宝宝的嘴挡住声音。如果你把手拿开，你的宝宝就会大哭，士兵们也会听到。他们会找到你，你的孩子，还有其他人，他们会杀了你们所有人。如果你不把手拿开，你的宝宝就会窒息而死。为了拯救自己和其他村民而让自己的孩子窒息而死在道德上可以接受吗？像这样的困境，除了令人不安和困惑之外，还是一扇通往道德决策的心理学和神经科学的窗口。人们经常谈到“道德能力”或“道德感”，这表明道德判断是一种统一的现象，但最近的研究强烈表明，事实并非如此。相反，道德判断似乎依赖于直觉的情绪反应和依赖于大脑不同部位的深思熟虑的控制反应之间复杂的相互作用。当我们面对像上面这样的困境时，这些神经系统会竞争控制行为。这个项目的目标是使用行为测试和尖端的神经科学技术来帮助我们理解不同类型的道德决定是如何受到情绪反应和控制的认知过程的影响的。一些实验旨在阐明大脑是如何表现道德成本和利益的。其他实验关注的是社会义务在道德判断中的作用。一些实验使用了假设的道德困境，比如上面的那个，而另一些则涉及到真实的决定，对真实的人产生真实的后果。从基础科学的角度来看，理解人类大脑如何做出道德判断是很重要的，但这也是一个更广泛的社会关注的问题。我们的道德判断能力是我们作为人类身份的核心，从生物学角度理解这种能力可能会改变我们处理有争议的道德问题的方式，从长远来看，也可能会极大地改变我们看待自己和彼此的方式。