Scholars Award: A History of Innovation and Ownership in Living Matter

学者奖：生命物质创新与所有权的历史

• 批准号: 0822688
• 负责人: Daniel Kevles
• 金额: $ 13.85万
• 依托单位: Yale University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-08-01 至 2010-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0822688&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Scholars; Award; History; Innovation; Ownership

The PI requests funding to complete a book tentatively titled Vital Properties: A History of Innovation and Ownership in Living Matter. The book is a history of innovations in living organisms and their parts (e.g., plants, animals, microorganisms, and human genes), and of efforts to protect the intellectual property that they embody; it spans from the late eighteenth century to the present. The innovations include breeding practices and the acquisition and introduction into the market of new types of animals and plants from imports as well as, in the case of fruit trees and vines, chance finds in the fields. It also includes new plant varieties devised in agricultural experiment stations and of genetically modified organisms and human genes that have arisen in academic laboratories and have been licensed to biotechnology companies.Vital Properties will be the first book to deal comprehensively with its subject and the first to treat innovation in living organisms in relation not only to the patent protection that has come to cover them but also to the arrangements for intellectual property protection that were devised outside that system in the United States from the early nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. It will constitute a significant contribution to the growing body of scholarly work that seeks to historicize intellectual property for a broad range of technologies and contextualize its development in the evolving political and legal economy from the early modern period to the present. The book will be written for both general and scholarly audiences and will likely be of interest to historians, policymakers, IP lawyers, and analysts of entrepreneurship, agriculture, biomedicine, and globalization. It will be published by a prominent trade publisher, and will thus reach out to a larger public. It will have substantial potential to affect understanding of, and perhaps even policy debates on, the relation of intellectual property to innovation and entrepreneurship in a competitive national and globalizing economy. It will also throw into historical perspective thereby help clarify or at least contextualize contemporary debates over the control of intellectual property in the food and biomedical sectors with regard to equity between countries in the developed North and the developing South; it will also do so with regards to IP-related issues concerning access to the products of high-technology biomedical research such as pharmaceuticals and the tools of genetic diagnosis.Funds for this project were provided by a joint venture of the BIO and SBE directorates known as "Impacts of Biology on Society," which is administered via the STS program.

PI要求资助完成一本暂命名为《重要属性：生命物质创新和所有权的历史》的书。这本书是生物体及其部分创新的历史（例如，植物、动物、微生物和人类基因），以及保护它们所体现的知识产权的努力;它从十八世纪末跨越到现在。这些创新包括育种做法和从进口获得新型动植物并将其引入市场，就果树和葡萄藤而言，还包括在田间偶然发现的动植物。它还包括在农业实验站设计的新植物品种，以及在学术实验室中出现并已被授权给生物技术公司的转基因生物和人类基因。《生命财产》将是第一本全面论述这一主题的书，也是第一本论述生物体创新的书，不仅涉及专利保护，而且涉及生物技术的发展。从世纪初到世纪中期，美国在该体系之外设计的知识产权保护安排。它将对越来越多的学术工作做出重大贡献，这些工作旨在使广泛的技术的知识产权历史化，并将其发展置于从近代早期到现在不断演变的政治和法律的经济中。这本书将为普通读者和学者读者而写，可能会引起历史学家、政策制定者、知识产权律师以及创业、农业、生物医学和全球化分析师的兴趣。它将由一家著名的行业出版商出版，因此将接触到更多的公众。它将有很大的潜力影响对知识产权与创新和创业在竞争性国家和全球化经济中的关系的理解，甚至可能影响对这一关系的政策辩论。它还将从历史的角度出发，从而有助于澄清或至少说明当代关于食品和生物医学部门知识产权控制的辩论的背景，以及北方发达国家和南方发展中国家之间的公平问题;它还将处理与获取高科技产品有关的知识产权问题，该项目的资金由BIO和SBE董事会的合资企业提供，称为“生物学对社会的影响”，该项目通过STS计划管理。