Collaborative Research: Hypoxia and the ecology, behavior and physiology of jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas

“该奖项是根据2009年美国复苏和再投资法案（公法111-5）资助的。“该项目涉及东太平洋特有的一种大鱿鱼Dosidicus gigas的生态生理学，它栖息在开阔洋和大陆架环境中。需要解决的问题包括：1）D. Gigas在日常和季节性的基础上变化，以及OML及其相关动物群的垂直分布如何变化？2)鱿鱼的哪些行为受到OML中发现的条件的损害，以及如何补偿损害以最大限度地减少利用这种环境的成本？3）鱿鱼在低氧条件下保持如此高水平的游泳活动的生理和生化过程是什么？调查人员将采用一种综合方法，包括海洋学、声学、电子标记、生理和生物化学方法。D.太平洋柔鱼提供了小型中层水生物和顶级脊椎动物捕食者之间的营养联系，成年鱿鱼在近地表沃茨和深层低氧环境（OML）之间的日常垂直迁移是其正常行为的特征。电子标签显示，这种鱿鱼可以在寒冷，缺氧的条件下保持活跃的时间延长。实验室研究表明，在寒冷、缺氧的挑战过程中，有氧代谢受到抑制，但无氧代谢似乎不能解释维持的活动水平。在野外利用OML可能允许白天觅食中层水生物。夜间也会在水面附近觅食，因此Dosidicus可能能够持续进食。D. gigas是目前在不同地区的瓜伊马斯盆地在一个可预测的全年的基础上，允许鱿鱼分布的变化与不断变化的海洋学特征在各种时间scale.This研究是广泛的兴趣，因为Dosidicus gigas已大幅扩大其范围在过去十年中，和觅食的商业上重要的鳍鱼入侵地区关闭加州和智利已被报道。此外，在过去几十年中，大洋洋面已经扩大，主要是由于浅滩化造成的纵向扩大，包括阿拉斯加湾、南加州湾和热带海洋的几个生产区，而且几乎肯定会伴随着大洋洋面的变化而产生各种生态影响。此外，D.目前，美洲大鱿鱼是世界上最大的鱿鱼渔业的支柱，这项研究将为可靠的生物量估计提供声学方法，并对墨西哥和其他地方的渔业管理产生影响。一个相关的目标是与墨西哥的同事合作制定鱿鱼渔业管理计划。以前的工作涉及与墨西哥同事的合作，包括为来自两国的本科生，研究生和博士后学生提供培训和研究机会。它还涉及通过电视、印刷品和网络媒体开展公共外联工作。这种魅力十足的物种提供了一种将气候变化与生态影响联系起来的绝佳手段，外联活动将继续围绕这一主题开展。一项新的国际努力将在墨西哥南下加利福尼亚的圣罗萨利亚实地工作地点建立一个鱿鱼研究实验室。该设施将让墨西哥大学生参与海洋研究，并实施当地教育计划。

"This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5)." This project concerns the ecological physiology of Dosidicus gigas, a large squid endemic to the eastern Pacific where it inhabits both open ocean and continental shelf environments. Questions to be addressed include: 1) How does utilization of the OML by D. gigas vary on both a daily and seasonal basis, and how do the vertical distributions of the OML and its associated fauna vary? 2)What behaviors of squid are impaired by conditions found in the OML, and how are impairments compensated to minimize costs of utilizing this environment? and 3)What are the physiological and biochemical processes by which squid maintain swimming activity at such remarkable levels under low oxygen conditions? The investigators will use an integrated approach involving oceanographic, acoustic, electronic tagging, physiological and biochemical methods. D. gigas provides a trophic connection between small, midwater organisms and top vertebrate predators, and daily vertical migrations between near-surface waters and a deep, low-oxygen environment (OML) characterize normal behavior of adult squid. Electronic tagging has shown that this squid can remain active for extended periods in the cold, hypoxic conditions of the upper OML. Laboratory studies have demonstrated suppression of aerobic metabolism during a cold, hypoxic challenge, but anaerobic metabolism does not appear to account for the level of activity maintained. Utilization of the OML in the wild may permit daytime foraging on midwater organisms. Foraging also occurs near the surface at night, and Dosidicus may thus be able to feed continuously. D. gigas is present in different regions of the Guaymas Basin on a predicable year-round basis, allowing changes in squid distribution to be related to changing oceanographic features on a variety time scales.This research is of broad interest because Dosidicus gigas has substantially extended its range over the last decade, and foraging on commercially important finfish in invaded areas off California and Chile has been reported. In addition, the OML has expanded during the last several decades, mostly vertically by shoaling, including in the Gulf of Alaska, the Southern California Bight and several productive regions of tropical oceans, and a variety of ecological impacts will almost certainly accompany changes in the OML. Moreover, D. gigas currently supports the world's largest squid fishery, and this study will provide acoustic methods for reliable biomass estimates, with implications for fisheries management in Mexico and elsewhere. A related goal is to work with colleagues in Mexico on a squid fishery management plan. Previous work involved collaboration with Mexican colleagues, including training and research opportunities for undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral students from both nations. It also involved public outreach efforts through television, print and web media. This charismatic species provides an excellent means to connect climate change with ecological effects, and outreach activities will continue with this theme. A new international effort will establish a laboratory for research on squid at the site of field work in Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The facility will involve Mexican college students in marine research and implement local educational programs.