Ocean Acidification: Oxygen-limited CO2 Tolerance in Squids (Ommastrephidaw and Loliginidae)

本提案旨在预测海洋酸化对生态系统健康和功能的影响。具体地说，它阐述了海洋酸化、全球变暖和日益扩大的低氧的综合影响可能在多大程度上影响鱿鱼的能量。鱿鱼是海洋食物链中的关键一环，以大量浮游动物种群为食，是鱼类和哺乳动物捕食者的猎物。它们的增长率和最大尺寸都是塑料的，反映了不断变化的生态系统。因此，它们对环境条件做出快速反应，并作为生态系统健康的实时指标。海洋鱿鱼是唯一一种非钙化生物，其对海洋酸化的敏感性是基于血蓝蛋白与高度pH敏感的氧结合而特定预测的，血蓝蛋白是鱿鱼的血液色素。只有一项研究验证了这一预测，发现二氧化碳浓度升高限制了巨型乌贼Dosidicus gias的新陈代谢和活动水平。拟议的分析将整合从细胞到全身，再到整个动物功能的不同表现水平，比较具有不同血氧结合特性和二氧化碳暴露历史的鱿鱼物种。它将解决环境氧气减少、变暖导致的氧气需求增加以及高二氧化碳导致的氧气运输减少对这些“高性能”无脊椎动物功能的综合影响。这些鱿鱼具有重要的生态和商业价值，被认为是对二氧化碳最敏感的非钙化类群。拟议的研究工作将得到与海洋探索信托基金合作的广泛教育和外联工作的补充，并将于2013年和2014年夏季在加勒比海的E/V鹦鹉螺号上进行。E/V鹦鹉螺号在一种新的“远程呈现”探险模式下运作。卫星和高带宽互联网2技术将数据实时传输到岸上，包括遥控飞行器(ROV)视频源，支持世界各地的科学团队参与，并接触到越来越多的公众和学生。此外，Nautilus项目与Jason项目合作，通过课程开发将海洋科学带到K-12课堂。该项目的调查人员将为编制新的气候和海洋学课程贡献时间和海洋酸化方面的专门知识，并为Jason Live互动系列节目开发网络广播，该系列节目将与鹦鹉螺号一起从海上进行广播。

The present proposal is aimed at predicting the consequences of ocean acidification on ecosystem health and function. Specifically, it addresses the extent to which the combined effects of ocean acidification, global warming and expanding hypoxia may affect energetics of squids. Squids provide a critical link in oceanic food chains, feeding on the massive zooplankton populations and serving as prey to fish and mammalian predators. Their growth rates and maximum sizes are plastic, reflecting the changing ecosystem. As such, they respond quickly to environmental conditions and serve as real time indicators of ecosystem health. Oceanic squids are the only non-calcifying organisms whose sensitivity to ocean acidification was specifically predicted based on highly pH-sensitive oxygen binding by hemocyanin, the blood pigment of squids. Only a single study has tested this prediction, finding that elevated CO2 constrains metabolism and activity levels in the jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas. The proposed analysis will integrate across levels of performance, from cell, to systemic, to whole-animal function, comparing squid species with variable blood-oxygen binding properties and CO2 exposure histories. It will addresses the combined effects of declining environmental oxygen, increasing oxygen demand due to warming, and reduced oxygen transport due to high CO2 on the function of these "high-performance" invertebrates. These squids are ecologically and commercially important and are believed to be the most CO2-sensitive non-calcifying taxa. The proposed research effort will be complemented by an extensive education and outreach effort in collaboration with the Ocean Exploration Trust and aboard the E/V Nautilus in the Caribbean in summer 2013 and 2014. E/V Nautilus operates under a new paradigm of "telepresence-enabled" expeditions. Satellite and high-bandwidth Internet2 technology transmits data, including remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video feeds, to shore in real time, supporting the participation of science teams around the world and reaching a growing public and student population. Moreover, the Nautilus program is teamed up with the JASON Project that brings marine science to K-12 classrooms via curriculum development. The investigators on this project will contribute time and expertise in ocean acidification to the development of a new curriculum on Climate and Oceanography and develop a webcast for the JASON Live interactive series that will be broadcast from sea with Nautilus.