Ocean Acidification: Oxygen-limited CO2 Tolerance in Squids (Ommastrephidaw and Loliginidae)

本提案旨在预测海洋酸化对生态系统健康和功能的后果。 具体而言，它解决了海洋酸化，全球变暖和缺氧扩大的综合影响可能会影响鱿鱼能量学的程度。鱿鱼是海洋食物链中的重要一环，以大量浮游动物为食，并作为鱼类和哺乳动物捕食者的猎物。 它们的生长速度和最大尺寸是可塑的，反映了生态系统的变化。 因此，它们对环境条件迅速作出反应，并作为生态系统健康的真实的时间指标。 海洋鱿鱼是唯一的非钙化生物，其对海洋酸化的敏感性是根据鱿鱼的血蓝蛋白对pH高度敏感的氧结合而专门预测的。 只有一项研究验证了这一预测，发现二氧化碳浓度升高会抑制巨型鱿鱼Dosidicus gigas的新陈代谢和活动水平。 拟议的分析将整合跨水平的性能，从细胞，全身，整个动物的功能，比较鱿鱼物种与可变的血氧结合特性和二氧化碳暴露的历史。它将解决环境氧气下降，由于变暖而增加的氧气需求，以及由于高CO2而减少的氧气运输对这些“高性能”无脊椎动物功能的综合影响。 这些鱿鱼在生态和商业上都很重要，被认为是对二氧化碳最敏感的非钙化类群。 拟议的研究工作将得到与海洋勘探信托基金合作并于2013年和2014年夏季在加勒比海的E/V Nautilus上进行的广泛教育和外展工作的补充。 E/V Nautilus在“远程呈现”探险的新范式下运作。卫星和高带宽第二代互联网技术将数据，包括遥控潜水器视频资料，以真实的时间传送到海岸，支持世界各地科学小组的参与，并接触到越来越多的公众和学生。此外，鹦鹉螺计划与JASON项目合作，通过课程开发将海洋科学带到K-12教室。该项目的调查人员将贡献时间和海洋酸化方面的专门知识，以制定关于气候和海洋学的新课程，并为将与Nautilus一起从海上广播的JASON Live互动系列节目制作网播。

The present proposal is aimed at predicting the consequences of ocean acidification on ecosystem health and function. Specifically, it addresses the extent to which the combined effects of ocean acidification, global warming and expanding hypoxia may affect energetics of squids. Squids provide a critical link in oceanic food chains, feeding on the massive zooplankton populations and serving as prey to fish and mammalian predators. Their growth rates and maximum sizes are plastic, reflecting the changing ecosystem. As such, they respond quickly to environmental conditions and serve as real time indicators of ecosystem health. Oceanic squids are the only non-calcifying organisms whose sensitivity to ocean acidification was specifically predicted based on highly pH-sensitive oxygen binding by hemocyanin, the blood pigment of squids. Only a single study has tested this prediction, finding that elevated CO2 constrains metabolism and activity levels in the jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas. The proposed analysis will integrate across levels of performance, from cell, to systemic, to whole-animal function, comparing squid species with variable blood-oxygen binding properties and CO2 exposure histories. It will addresses the combined effects of declining environmental oxygen, increasing oxygen demand due to warming, and reduced oxygen transport due to high CO2 on the function of these "high-performance" invertebrates. These squids are ecologically and commercially important and are believed to be the most CO2-sensitive non-calcifying taxa. The proposed research effort will be complemented by an extensive education and outreach effort in collaboration with the Ocean Exploration Trust and aboard the E/V Nautilus in the Caribbean in summer 2013 and 2014. E/V Nautilus operates under a new paradigm of "telepresence-enabled" expeditions. Satellite and high-bandwidth Internet2 technology transmits data, including remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video feeds, to shore in real time, supporting the participation of science teams around the world and reaching a growing public and student population. Moreover, the Nautilus program is teamed up with the JASON Project that brings marine science to K-12 classrooms via curriculum development. The investigators on this project will contribute time and expertise in ocean acidification to the development of a new curriculum on Climate and Oceanography and develop a webcast for the JASON Live interactive series that will be broadcast from sea with Nautilus.