Collaborative research: physiological limits to vertical migrations of the pelagic, jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas in the Gulf of California

合作研究：加利福尼亚湾中上层巨型鱿鱼和 Dosidicus gigas 垂直迁移的生理限制

• 批准号: 0526493
• 负责人: Brad Seibel
• 金额: $ 30.4万
• 依托单位: University of Rhode Island
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-09-01 至 2009-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0526493&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; research; physiological; limits; vertical

Inshore and open-ocean (pelagic) squid are the most athletic of all invertebrates. They are highly active, jet-propelled swimmers, have high metabolic rates and grow at a prodigious rate throughout their short life spans of one to two years. Such squid are abundant in all the world's oceans where they play important ecological roles as major predators. Adult squid serve as essential prey for many top predators, including sharks, tuna, billfish and marine mammals. In addition, squid are becoming increasingly important in commercial fisheries worldwide as they replace slow-growing fish, particularly where these stocks are being depleted. Dosidicus gigas, also known as the jumbo or Humboldt squid, is a true giant, reaching 2-3 m in overall length and over 50 kg in mass. It is widely distributed over the eastern Pacific, ranging from Chile to Canada and nearly to Hawaii at the equator. It forms the basis of a major commercial fishery, presently the third largest in Mexico. Despite the ecological and economic importance of D. gigas, little is known about its life history, behavior or physiology. Its large size and open-ocean habitat complicate traditional field and laboratory studies. This project focuses on integrative field and laboratory studies of D. gigas in the Gulf of California using recently developed techniques that facilitate such studies. Pilot tagging studies have revealed that D. gigas spends the daytime in cold, deep, oxygen-depleted water (~10 deg C at 300 meters) and migrates at night to shallow, aerated surface waters that can reach 30 deg C. Frequent rapid dives at night to daytime depths cover several hundred meters in minutes. It is a mystery how these large, metabolically active squid can tolerate the stress of chronic daytime hypoxia at depth. Conversely, warm surface waters also may present a stress that limits the time squid can spend in this zone. This proposal will employ electronic tagging to track vertical migrations of this pelagic predator and to monitor natural jetting and respiration at different depths. Oxygen consumption determined from these data, with calibrations provided by laboratory swim-tunnel experiments and biochemical indices of anaerobic metabolism, will provide a measure of the true energetic costs to the squid itself. Extreme low-light video methods will reveal natural behaviors over the range of a typical vertical migration, both day and night. Thus, this project will reveal what this remarkable squid is doing in its oceanic habitat, why it is doing it, and what physiological and biochemical adaptations permit these behaviors at some depths and preclude them at others. This study will greatly advance our understanding of the biology of D. gigas and provide a model for an integrated approach to studying the ecological physiology of other pelagic predators. It will also establish a life-history framework that will ultimately be necessary to manage this fishery at the ecosystem level in Mexico and elsewhere. It includes training of a postdoctoral fellow and two graduate students, and collaboration with two Mexican scientists and their students. Cephalopods, particularly large squid, are charismatic and appealing to the public, and this project has significant potential for mass public outreach through a variety of media.

近海和公海（远洋）鱿鱼是所有无脊椎动物中最具运动能力的。它们是高度活跃的喷气式游泳运动员，代谢率高，在一到两年的短暂寿命中以惊人的速度生长。这种鱿鱼在世界所有海洋中都很丰富，它们作为主要捕食者发挥着重要的生态作用。成年鱿鱼是许多顶级掠食者的基本猎物，包括鲨鱼、金枪鱼、长嘴鱼和海洋哺乳动物。此外，鱿鱼在全世界的商业渔业中越来越重要，因为它们取代了生长缓慢的鱼类，特别是在这些种群正在枯竭的地方。 Dosidicus gigas，也被称为巨型或洪堡鱿鱼，是一个真正的巨人，全长达到2-3米，质量超过50公斤。它广泛分布于东太平洋，从智利到加拿大，近至赤道的夏威夷。它构成了一个主要商业渔业的基础，目前是墨西哥第三大渔业。尽管D.对于它的生活史、行为或生理学知之甚少。它的大尺寸和开放的海洋栖息地使传统的实地和实验室研究复杂化。本项目的重点是D.在加州海湾的千兆使用最近开发的技术，促进这种研究。初步的标记研究表明，D。吉加斯白天生活在寒冷、深水、缺氧的水中（300米处约10摄氏度），晚上迁移到温度可达30摄氏度的浅水、充气表面沃茨。 在夜间到白天的频繁快速潜水深度在几分钟内覆盖数百米。这是一个谜，这些大的，代谢活跃的鱿鱼可以忍受慢性日间缺氧的压力在深度。相反，温暖的表面沃茨也可能会造成压力，限制鱿鱼在这一区域的停留时间。这项建议将采用电子标记来追踪这种远洋捕食者的垂直迁移，并监测不同深度的自然喷射和呼吸。根据这些数据确定的耗氧量，以及实验室游泳隧道实验和无氧代谢的生化指标提供的校准，将为鱿鱼本身提供真正的能量成本。极端低光视频方法将揭示典型垂直迁移范围内的自然行为，无论是白天还是黑夜。因此，该项目将揭示这种非凡的鱿鱼在其海洋栖息地做什么，为什么它这样做，以及什么生理和生化适应允许这些行为在某些深度，并阻止他们在其他地方。这项研究将大大促进我们对D. gigas，并提供了一个模型，以综合方法研究其他远洋捕食者的生态生理学。它还将建立一个生命史框架，这最终将是在墨西哥和其他地方的生态系统一级管理这种渔业所必需的。它包括培训一名博士后研究员和两名研究生，并与两名墨西哥科学家及其学生合作。鲸类，特别是大鱿鱼，具有魅力，对公众有吸引力，这个项目具有通过各种媒体进行大规模公众宣传的巨大潜力。