Collaborative Research: Synergistic effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Temperature on the Metabolism, Growth, and Reproduction of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia Superba)

对本世纪气候变化的预测表明，南大洋将是第一个受到与二氧化碳增加有关的海水化学变化影响的区域。此外，南大洋地区的变暖速度比地球上任何其他地方都快。海洋酸化和变暖可能协同作用，通过同时增加新陈代谢需求和减少氧气运输，损害不同生物体的性能。然而，没有研究测量磷虾酸碱调节，代谢，生长，或繁殖的背景下，海洋酸化或协同？温室？二氧化碳和温度升高的条件下。在本项目中，研究人员将在南极洲帕尔默站进行短期和长期暴露实验，以确定南极磷虾对二氧化碳和温度升高的反应。研究人员将测试与磷虾的各个生命阶段对升高的CO2和温度的酸碱补偿和适应有关的假设。南极磷虾（Euphausia superba）是南极食物网中的一个关键物种，因为它们是南大洋许多顶级捕食者的主要食物来源，包括须鲸、海豹、企鹅和其他海鸟。该项目将确定南极磷虾对二氧化碳和温度升高的反应，以及磷虾是否有能力在未来的海洋条件下进行充分补偿。拟议的实地工作将辅之以广泛的影响力，重点是将海洋科学带到中西部（堪萨斯）的农村和城市高中学生。该提案的核心教育目标是：1）指导学生了解海洋科学的潜在职业; 2）吸引学生并促进他们对科学过程、批判性思维以及科学、数学和技术应用的兴趣; 3）提高学生和教师对海洋和全球气候变化的认识和理解，特别关注南极半岛西部地区。最后，该项目将使本科生和研究生参与数据集的制作、分析、演示和出版。

Climate change projections for this century suggest that the Southern Ocean will be the first region to be affected by seawater chemistry changes associated with enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2). Additionally, regions of the Southern Ocean are warming faster than any other locations on the planet. Ocean acidification and warming may act synergistically to impair the performance of different organisms by simultaneously increasing metabolic needs and reducing oxygen transport. However, no studies have measured krill acid-base regulation, metabolism, growth, or reproduction in the context of ocean acidification or synergistic ?greenhouse? conditions of elevated CO2 and temperature. In the present project, the investigators will conduct both short and prolonged exposure experiments at Palmer Station, Antarctica to determine the responses of Euphausia superba to elevated CO2 and temperature. The investigators will test hypotheses related to acid-base compensation and acclimation of various life stages of krill to elevated CO2 and temperature. Furthermore, they will determine these impacts on feeding, respiration, metabolism, growth, and reproduction.The Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is a key species in Antarctic food webs as they are a primary food source for many of the top predators in the Southern Ocean including baleen whales, seals, penguins, and other sea birds. This project will determine the responses of Antarctic krill exposed to elevated CO2 and temperature and whether or not krill have the capacity to fully compensate under future ocean conditions. The proposed field effort will be complemented by an extensive broader impact effort focused on bringing marine science to both rural and urban high school students in the Midwest (Kansas). The core educational objectives of this proposal are to 1) instruct students about potential careers in marine science, 2) engage students and promote their interest in the scientific process, critical thinking, and applications of science, mathematics, and technology, and 3) and increase student and teacher awareness and understanding of the oceans and global climate change, with special focus on the Western Antarctic Peninsula region. Finally, this project will engage undergraduate and graduate students in the production, analysis, presentation and publication of datasets.