Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Clovis Settlement Behavior in the American Southeast: Using Lithic Artifact Analysis to Evaluate the Staging-Area Model

博士论文改进补助金：美国东南部的克洛维斯定居点行为：利用石器文物分析来评估集结区模型

• 批准号: 0852946
• 负责人: Frank Goebel
• 金额: $ 1.02万
• 依托单位: Texas A&M Research Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-12-01 至 2011-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0852946&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Clovis

Under the supervision of Dr. Ted Goebel, Ms. Ashley Smallwood's doctoral research will apply site-level data about stone tool technologies to understand Clovis settlement behavior in the American Southeast. Clovis hunter-gatherers are the best-documented early inhabitants of the Americas. One of the most remarkable aspects of the Clovis cultural complex is its extensive geographic distribution covering all of North America south of the Wisconsin ice sheets. In this vast area, Clovis bifacial fluted projectile points are found at archaeological sites dating to approximately 11,000 radiocarbon years before present. Smallwood's research will address key questions to help understand the Clovis population's settlement process. How were Clovis technologies organized during the late Pleistocene? What can studies of technology tell us about Clovis mobility? How did Clovis groups disperse across North America?A "staging area" model developed by David Anderson predicts that Clovis groups entered the continent and slowed migration to concentrate territorial ranges around resource-rich river valleys. These valleys became staging areas where groups settled-in and habitually used local tool-stone and biotic resources. Under this settlement model, residence in staging areas facilitated population growth and led to the fissioning of groups into new secondary staging areas, inciting early cultural regionalization in the Americas. Smallwood's study will evaluate the effectiveness of the staging-area model through analysis of stone tool assemblages from three key sites in the American Southeast: Topper (SC), Williamson (VA), and Carson-Conn-Short (TN). Carson-Conn-Short occurs within an area designated as a primary staging area. Topper and Williamson fall within areas Anderson designates as later concentrations, or secondary staging areas occupied by foragers expanding from a primary staging area. According to Anderson, these population concentrations are where early regional cultural traditions developed.Understanding the nature of Clovis settlement in the Southeast is essential to fully explain the peopling of the Americas. Once the staging-area model is tested, the Clovis record in the Southeast can be confidently contributed to the broader study of Paleoindian adaptations across the New World. Ultimately, this research will address how humans dispersed across North America and how regional environmental variation impacted human settlement strategies during the late Pleistocene. This intensive investigation will help place the Southeast, as a region, into an even broader context to answer theoretical problems of Clovis origins and adaptations. The research will pertain to a larger body of literature exploring how modern humans dispersed across the globe and how small-scale societies colonized empty landscapes in the past. In conducting her research, Smallwood will interface with the public by synthesizing valuable information from private and museum-owned collections, educating the public on the importance of their collections, and disseminating her research on the peopling of the Americas to the public arena. Further, Smallwood will continue as a Clovis site-supervisor at the Topper site in 2009, and in this capacity, she will instruct students and volunteers of all ages about archaeological techniques and artifact analysis. The field program at Topper has educated the public in the excavation experience since 1996, and in the summer of 2008 alone it attracted more than 150 volunteers and visitors from around the world. The proposed research will report the findings of the Topper excavation back to the volunteer community and interested public. Finally, Smallwood's research will provide her with the professional training and qualifications necessary to earn a Ph.D. in Anthropology.

在特德·格贝尔博士的监督下，阿什利·斯莫尔伍德女士的博士研究将应用关于石器技术的现场级数据来了解克洛维斯在美国东南部的定居行为。克洛维斯的狩猎采集者是美洲最有记录的早期居民。 克洛维斯文化复合体最引人注目的方面之一是其广泛的地理分布，覆盖了威斯康星州冰盖以南的整个北美。 在这个广阔的地区，克洛维斯双面凹槽射弹点被发现在考古遗址，可追溯到大约11,000年前的放射性碳。 斯莫尔伍德的研究将解决关键问题，以帮助了解克洛维斯人口的定居过程。在更新世晚期，克洛维斯的技术是如何组织的？关于克洛维斯的移动性，技术研究能告诉我们什么？克洛维斯族群是如何散布到北美各地的？大卫安德森开发的一个“集结区”模型预测，克洛维斯群体进入大陆，减缓了迁移，将领土范围集中在资源丰富的河谷周围。 这些山谷变成了集结地，在那里，人们定居下来，习惯性地使用当地的工具石和生物资源。 在这种定居模式下，居住在中转区促进了人口增长，并导致群体分裂成新的二级中转区，引发了美洲早期的文化区域化。 斯莫尔伍德的研究将通过分析美国东南部三个关键地点的石器组合来评估分期区域模型的有效性：托普（SC）、威廉姆森（VA）和卡森-康恩-肖特（TN）。 卡森-康恩-肖特发生在一个指定为主要集结区的区域内。 托普和威廉姆森属于安德森指定的后来集中的地区，或由觅食者从主要集结区扩展所占据的次要集结区。 根据安德森的说法，这些人口集中是早期区域文化传统发展的地方。了解东南部克洛维斯定居的性质对充分解释美洲的人口分布至关重要。 一旦分期区域模型得到检验，东南部的克洛维斯记录就可以自信地为整个新大陆的古印第安适应性的更广泛研究做出贡献。 最终，这项研究将解决人类如何分散在北美以及区域环境变化如何影响更新世晚期人类定居策略。 这种深入的调查将有助于把东南部作为一个地区，到一个更广泛的背景下回答理论问题的克洛维斯的起源和适应。 这项研究将涉及一个更大的文学机构，探索现代人类如何分散在地球仪和小规模的社会如何殖民过去的空景观。在进行她的研究，斯莫尔伍德将通过从私人和博物馆拥有的收藏品合成有价值的信息，教育公众对他们的收藏品的重要性，并传播她对美洲的人口向公众竞技场的研究与公众接口。 此外，斯莫尔伍德将继续作为一个克洛维斯在托普网站在2009年的网站监督员，并在此能力，她将指导学生和志愿者的所有年龄有关考古技术和文物分析。 自1996年以来，Topper的实地项目一直在教育公众挖掘经验，仅在2008年夏天，它就吸引了来自世界各地的150多名志愿者和游客。 拟议的研究将向志愿者社区和感兴趣的公众报告Topper挖掘的结果。 最后，斯莫尔伍德的研究将为她提供获得博士学位所需的专业培训和资格。在人类学。