The Unusual Features in Superstorms

超级风暴的不寻常特征

• 批准号: 0903596
• 负责人: Janet Kozyra
• 金额: $ 62.61万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2013-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0903596&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Unusual; Features; Superstorms

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).This project will combine data analysis and modeling to investigate: (1) phenomena that appear, or are significantly modified, only during the most extreme geospace disturbances, (2) the linkages between them, (3) the reasons they appear in some events and not others, and (4) the range of associated solar wind conditions. These unusual features include great red aurorae, visible stable auroral red (SAR) arcs, strong low-latitude ion-atom auroras, softening of both the auroral precipitation and the ring current energy spectrum, appearance and effects of strong prompt penetration electric fields, and newly-discovered intense fluxes of warm ( 30 keV) energy banded ions mirroring at high altitudes on subauroral field lines. The changes in coupling between the inner magnetosphere and underlying ionosphere due to the warn ions will be investigated as one key difference between superstorms and more typical magnetic storms. Another key difference is the occurrence of short-lived, highly localized enhancements in the convection electrojets that seem to play a part in triggering great red auroras. This investigation will cover the twelve most recent superstorms, as well as a variety of earlier events, and compare to a set of more typical magnetic storms during which these phenomena are absent. In addition, comparative studies will be used as tools to investigate why superstorms differ in aspects of their features; why some smaller storms also contain superstorm phenomena; and what changes occur in superstorms as a result of differences in their solar wind drivers. These studies will use data sets from the ACE, WIND, FAST, TIMED, IMAGE, Polar, DMSP, NOAA/POES, UARS, and LANL geosynchronous satellites along with ground-based magnetometers, photometric observations, an archive of HEIDI ring current simulations for 90 magnetic storms that occurred from 1996-2005, and an archive of AMIE-derived geomagnetic indices and electrodynamic patterns from 1991-2002. The data sets are all available in open archives on the Internet or locally at the University of Michigan. In terms of broader impacts, the project will contribute to an international effort to address global sun-to-Earth coupling issues that require international data sets and interdisciplinary collaboration for progress. This effort was started as a component of the international CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System) program. The collaboration with Walter Gonzalez at the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) in Brazil on superstorm research topics is an important outcome of this earlier work. Results of the studies will be disseminated not only through standard journals but also in virtual conferences linking the scientific community worldwide that are planned as a component of CAWSESII, contributing to an educational experience in interdisciplinary and international collaborations for US graduate students and researchers and to the development of new forms of virtual scientific communication. The project may benefit society by improving scientific understanding of the complexity in the sun-Earth system during extremes in space weather to extend the range of useful prediction.

该奖项是根据2009年美国复苏和再投资法案资助的（公法111-5）.本项目将结合联合收割机数据分析和建模，调查：（1）仅在最极端的地球空间扰动期间出现或发生重大变化的现象，（2）它们之间的联系，（3）它们出现在某些事件中而不出现在其他事件中的原因，以及（4）相关太阳风条件的范围。这些不寻常的特征包括巨大的红色极光，可见的稳定的极光红色（SAR）弧，强烈的低纬度离子原子极光，极光降水和环电流能谱的软化，强烈的即时穿透电场的外观和影响，以及新发现的强烈通量的温暖（30千电子伏）能量带状离子反射在高海拔的亚极光场线。由于WARN离子，内磁层和下伏电离层之间的耦合变化将作为超级风暴和更典型的磁暴之间的一个关键区别进行研究。另一个关键的区别是对流电射流中出现了短暂的、高度局部化的增强，这似乎在触发巨大的红色极光中发挥了作用。这项调查将涵盖最近发生的十二次超级风暴以及各种早期事件，并与一组不存在这些现象的更典型的磁暴进行比较。此外，还将利用比较研究作为工具，调查超级风暴在特征方面为何不同;为何一些较小的风暴也包含超级风暴现象;以及超级风暴由于太阳风驱动因素的差异而发生了哪些变化。这些研究将使用ACE、WIND、FAST、TIMED、IMAGE、Polar、DMSP、NOAA/POES、UARS和LANL地球同步卫星的数据集，沿着地面磁力计、光度观测、HEIDI对1996-2005年发生的90个磁暴的环电流模拟档案，以及AMIE导出的地磁指数和1991-2002年电动模式档案。这些数据集都可以在互联网上或密歇根大学本地的开放档案中找到。 就更广泛的影响而言，该项目将有助于国际社会努力解决全球日地耦合问题，这些问题需要国际数据集和跨学科合作才能取得进展。这项工作是作为国际CAWSES（太阳-地球系统气候和天气）计划的一部分开始的。与巴西国家空间研究所（INPE）的Walter Gonzalez在超级风暴研究课题上的合作是这一早期工作的重要成果。研究结果不仅将通过标准期刊传播，而且还将在计划作为CAWSESII组成部分的全球科学界虚拟会议上传播，为美国研究生和研究人员的跨学科和国际合作的教育经验做出贡献，并发展新形式的虚拟科学交流。 该项目可增进对空间气象极端情况下日地系统复杂性的科学认识，从而扩大有用预测的范围，从而造福社会。