Biomass Burning, Dust, Sea Salt, Volcanic & Pollution Aerosols in the Arctic during the Last 2 Millennia: High Resolution Aerosol Records from NEEM & an Aray of Archived Ic

生物质燃烧、灰尘、海盐、火山

• 批准号: 0909541
• 负责人: Joseph McConnell
• 金额: $ 49.91万
• 依托单位: Nevada System of Higher Education, Desert Research Institute
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2013-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0909541&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Biomass; Burning; Dust; Sea; Salt

This award will support the development and interpretation of a new generation of records of short-lived aerosols from biomass burning, dust, sea spray, volcanism, and industrial pollution in the Arctic during the past 2000 years and for selected time periods during the past 130,000 years. These objectives will be accomplished using a unique, NSF-funded analytical system developed specifically for such measurements in ice cores and recently expanded to include detailed measurements of black carbon (BC; soot) and a range of new aerosol source tracers. Proposed measurements of aerosols during the past 2000 years - building on a series of recently published findings from similar measurements in shallower ice cores - will be made on samples from a 400 m shallow core collected by Danish collaborators in 2008 and 2009 at the NorthEem (NEEM) drilling site in northern Greenland. To place the NEEM measurements in larger Arctic and global perspective, samples from a broad array of ~1000 year archived Arctic ice cores also will be analyzed and results from the Arctic measurements compared with similar century to millennial scale aerosol measurements already underway in Antarctic ice cores.Intellectual Merit: Natural changes in the Earth's climate are well documented in paleoclimate records, but the climate history provided by deep ice cores needs to be complemented by better understanding of how recent climate changes have affected different regions and relationships among high-, mid-, and lowlatitude processes. Short-lived aerosols - including those generated by wildfires - are important environmental and global climate forcing agents and, because of the snow-albedo feedback, particularly important to Arctic forcing when deposited in snow and ice. Their sources are primarily in the low- and mid-latitudes, but their impacts on the Polar Regions - poorly quantified because of the paucity of reliable, long-term measurements - are profound. The rich glaciochemical records developed from the NEEM and archived ice cores, especially when compared to similar Antarctic ice core aerosol records and the results synthesized through collaborative modeling studies, will transform global understanding of the sources and histories of short-lived BC, dust, volcanic, sea salt, and pollution aerosols and their impacts on climate forcing, ecosystems, and human health. Moreover, because wildfire emissions are one factor directly modulating GHG concentrations, the independent history of fire emissions provided by this and related Antarctic research will contribute to a quantitative interpretation of changing GHG concentrations measured in the deep NEEM and WAIS Divide ice cores.Broader Impacts: Policy decisions are guided by global climate model (GCM) predictions of climate under different scenarios of societal behavior; climate predictions are critically dependent on well-tuned, validated models. Despite large uncertainties in aerosol forcing identified by the IPCC, ice core aerosol records seldom are used in GCM calibration, parameterization, or tuning because of the limited scope and reliability of past ice core aerosol measurements. New generation aerosol measurements from this ice core analytical system are suitable and have enabled recent collaborations with the GCM community. To ensure the broadest impact of the proposed research in climate change and policy arenas (e.g., recent testimony before the U.S. Congress on short-lived pollutants and Arctic climate change), ongoing collaborations with modelers at NCAR, NOAA/GFDL and NASA/GISS will be expanded to incorporate the proposed ice core measurements into GCM studies. This proposal also directly addresses a thrust of the NSF-sponsored International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS) initiative - development of an array of detailed ice core records spanning the last 2000 years aimed at better understanding long-term climate records thorough improved, quantitative investigation of recent climate change and the role of human activities in climate forcing and on the environment. The NEEM project provides many national and international opportunities for education and outreach. The proposed effort will leverage these opportunities to the fullest extent and continue the long-term record of high school, undergraduate and graduate student, and post-doctoral fellow involvement in the laboratory; K-12 educational efforts; and dissemination of results through high visibility publications and outreach to the public, popular media, and policy makers.

该奖项将支持开发和解释新一代北极生物质燃烧、尘埃、海雾、火山活动和工业污染造成的短暂气溶胶记录，这些记录在过去2000年和过去13万年的选定时间段内都是如此。这些目标将使用一种独特的、由国家科学基金会资助的分析系统来实现，该系统专门为冰芯中的此类测量而开发，最近扩大到包括对黑碳(BC；烟尘)和一系列新的气溶胶来源示踪剂的详细测量。对过去2000年气溶胶的拟议测量--建立在最近发表的一系列浅冰芯类似测量结果的基础上--将基于丹麦合作者于2008年和2009年在格陵兰岛北部的NorthEem(NEEM)钻探地点收集的400米浅岩心的样本。为了将近地电磁测量放在更大的北极和全球范围内，还将分析来自广泛的约1000年记录的北极冰芯的样本，并将北极测量的结果与南极冰芯已经进行的类似世纪到千年尺度的气溶胶测量进行比较。智力优势：地球气候的自然变化在古气候记录中得到了很好的记录，但深冰芯提供的气候历史需要更好地理解最近气候变化如何影响不同地区以及高、中、低纬度过程之间的关系。短暂的气溶胶--包括野火产生的气溶胶--是重要的环境和全球气候驱动力，而且由于积雪的缘故，反照率反馈对沉积在冰雪中的北极强迫尤为重要。它们的来源主要在中低纬度，但它们对极地地区的影响是深远的--由于缺乏可靠的长期测量，这些影响的量化程度很低。从近地天体和存档的冰芯产生的丰富的冰化学记录，特别是与类似的南极冰芯气溶胶记录和通过合作模拟研究合成的结果相比，将改变全球对短暂的BC、尘埃、火山、海盐和污染气溶胶的来源和历史及其对气候强迫、生态系统和人类健康的影响的理解。此外，由于野火排放是直接调节温室气体浓度的一个因素，这项研究和相关南极研究提供的火灾排放的独立历史将有助于定量解释在NEEM和WAIS分隔冰芯深处测量到的温室气体浓度变化。广泛的影响：政策决策以全球气候模型(GCM)对不同社会行为情景下的气候预测为指导；气候预测严重依赖于经过良好调整和验证的模型。尽管气专委确定的气溶胶强迫存在很大的不确定性，但由于过去冰芯气溶胶测量的范围和可靠性有限，冰芯气溶胶记录很少用于GCM校准、参数化或调谐。这个冰芯分析系统的新一代气溶胶测量是合适的，并使最近与GCM社区的合作成为可能。为了确保拟议的研究在气候变化和政策领域产生最广泛的影响(例如，最近在美国国会关于短期污染物和北极气候变化的证词)，将扩大与NCAR、NOAA/GFDL和NASA/GISS正在进行的合作，将拟议的冰芯测量纳入GCM研究。这项建议还直接涉及由国家科学基金会赞助的国际冰芯科学伙伴关系(IPICS)倡议的一个主旨--开发一系列跨越过去2000年的详细冰芯记录，旨在更好地了解长期气候记录，对最近的气候变化进行改进的量化调查，以及人类活动在气候强迫和环境方面的作用。NEEM项目为教育和外联提供了许多国家和国际机会。拟议的努力将最大限度地利用这些机会，并继续保持高中、本科生和研究生以及博士后研究员参与实验室的长期记录；K-12教育努力；以及通过高知名度出版物和向公众、大众媒体和政策制定者宣传成果。