A 1.4 million year record of black carbon and biomass burning in the eastern Arctic from the Lake El'gygytgyn and other sediment cores (P2C2)

该奖项资助了一种测量湖泊沉积物芯中黑碳的新方法，该方法建立在测量冰川冰芯中黑碳的成熟技术基础上。黑碳（BC）是生物质不完全燃烧产生的主要气候强迫因子。在气候变暖的情况下，野火排放是气候模型预测中的关键未知数，特别是大规模生物质燃烧和BC排放与气候强迫的关系。冰芯BC方法的开发改变了对极地地区BC的理解;该项目将进一步开发沉积物-BC方法，并将其用于提供更多的记录，将时间和空间覆盖范围扩大到其他地区，包括开发过去约140万年北极BC的详细湖泊-沉积物记录，从而扩大对气候和生物质燃烧联系的理解。这将有助于在全球范围内更长期地了解气候、人类活动和生物质燃烧之间的联系，并量化作为强迫因子的BC。BC总量反映了区域至半球的生物质燃烧排放，而不是当地生物质燃烧。鉴于北极东部冰取芯位置的稀疏性，在俄罗斯北极地区应用这种新的湖泊沉积物方法将使该地区过去生物质燃烧和BC强迫的记录广泛分布，可能会改变对强迫情景的理解。对El'gygytgyn湖样本的分析将把生物量燃烧记录的时间追溯到比冰芯或木炭记录更早的时间。这种长期BC记录的发展和跨学科解释将极大地扩展生物质燃烧和BC在空间和时间上的仪器记录-通过广泛的气候状态和强迫情景-符合NSF的古气候变化展望（P2 C2）的目标。该项目将利用北极东部存档湖泊沉积物样品的可用性，并使用这种新方法（1）开发~2，与北极东部生物量燃烧有关的生物量燃烧的长达2000年的记录，以确定该区域气候、人类活动、生物量燃烧和生物量燃烧之间的联系;（2）通过比较150 ℃以上的BC通量和颗粒物质量，El'gygytgyn湖沉积物岩心的1000万年，以及格陵兰NEEM冰芯的约120，000年BC记录;（3）量化和理解长期和大规模气候变化之间的联系，BC，通过对El'gygytgyn湖在过去约140万年（海洋同位素阶段（MIS）1至MIS 45）的详细沉积物BC记录，对北极东部的生物量燃烧进行了研究。为了实现该项目的目标，将对来自俄罗斯北极地区的一系列较短、时间分辨率较高的岩心以及来自较深、时间分辨率较低的湖泊岩心（包括El'gygytgyn湖上部~60米的岩心）的湖泊沉积物样本进行溴化碳浓度和颗粒质量测量。在过去的16万年里，对E湖沉积物岩心进行的BC试验性测量显示出与大尺度气候的密切对应关系（例如，日照，温室气体浓度），但建议不同的气候植被火灾的关系，在冰期比报告的全新世间冰期。该奖项由极地计划办公室和地球科学部共同资助。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This award funds a new method for measuring black carbon in lake-sediment cores, which builds on a well-established technique for measuring black carbon in glacial ice cores. Black carbon (BC) is a primary climate forcing agent resulting from incomplete combustion of biomass. Wildfire emissions are critical unknowns in climate-model predictions under a warming climate, particularly the relationship of large-scale biomass burning and BC emissions to climate forcing. Development of the ice-core BC method has transformed understanding of BC in polar regions; this project will further develop the sediment-core BC method and apply it to provide additional records that will expand temporal and spatial coverage to other regions, including development of detailed lake-sediment records of Arctic BC during the past ~1.4 million years thereby extending understanding of climate and biomass-burning linkages. This will enable worldwide, longer-term understanding of linkages between climate, human activities, and biomass burning, as well as quantification of BC as a forcing agent. BC aggregates reflect regional-to-hemispheric biomass burning emissions rather than local biomass burning. Given the sparsity of ice-coring locations in the eastern Arctic, application of this new lake sediment method in Arctic Russia will enable widely distributed records of past biomass burning and BC forcing in the region, potentially transforming understanding of forcing scenarios through time. Analysis of samples from Lake El'gygytgyn will extend biomass burning records much farther back in time than is possible with ice cores or charcoal records. The development and interdisciplinary interpretation of such long-term BC records will greatly extend instrumental records of biomass burning and BC in space and time - through a broad range of climate states and forcing scenarios - in line with the goals of NSF's Paleo Perspectives on Climate Change (P2C2) program.This project will exploit the availability of archived lake sediment samples from the eastern Arctic and use this new method to (1) develop ~2,000-year-long records of BC, which is related to biomass burning in the eastern Arctic, to determine linkages between climate, human activities, BC, and biomass burning in the region; (2) evaluate the validity of the lake sediment method of measuring BC for different climate states by comparing BC flux and particle mass in the upper ~150,000 years of the Lake El'gygytgyn sediment core with a reprocessed ~120,000-year BC record from the Greenland NEEM ice core; and, (3) quantify and understand linkages between long-term and large-magnitude climate change, BC, and biomass burning in the eastern Arctic by developing a detailed sediment BC record from Lake El'gygytgyn during the past ~1.4 million years (spanning Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 1 to MIS 45). To meet the goals of this project, BC concentration and particle mass measurements will be made in lake sediment samples from an array of shorter, higher-time-resolution cores from the Russian Arctic, as well as from deeper, lower-time resolution lake cores, including the upper ~60 m of the Lake El'gygytgyn core. Pilot BC measurements from Lake E sediment cores for the past 160,000 years show close correspondence with large-scale climate (e.g., insolation, greenhouse gas concentrations) but suggest different climate-vegetation-fire relationships during the glacial periods than reported for the Holocene interglacial. This award is co-funded by the Office of Polar Programs and the Division of Earth Sciences.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.