Jewish Discussions in Exile in the 1920s: Pogroms 1918-1921 and "Jewish Bolshevism"

1920 年代流亡中的犹太人讨论：1918-1921 年大屠杀和“犹太布尔什维克主义”

• 批准号: 193047272
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Raphael Gross
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Deutsches Historisches Museum
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2010-12-31 至 2014-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/193047272?language=en
• 关键词: Jewish; Discussions; Exile; 1920s; Pogroms

The purpose of this application is to finish this research project, which was conducted for 24 months 2011 until 2013. The research had to be paused because of teaching duties at Keele University. It will lead to a study with about 300 pages which will be published as a volume within the "Wissenschaftliche Reihe des Fritz Bauer Instituts". The topics include: 1) Russian Civil War and the anti-Jewish pogroms 1917-1921 2) The antisemitic stereotype of socalled Jewish Bolshevism during the Russian Civil War and the early Weimar republic 3) Jewish historiography and the gathering of documents in Kiev from 1918 onwards 4) The Historical Ostjüdische Archive in Berlin from 1921 onwards 5) The Historical Section of YIVO, founded in 1925 6) The Shvartsbard defense-committee 1926/1927 in Paris 7) The place of these Jewish pogrom-historians in Jewish historiography. The Russian Civil War and the anti-Jewish pogroms are still somewhat in the shadow of the Second World War and the Shoah. The analysis of the stereotype Jewish Bolshevism for the period until 1921 will emphasise that it is in its core an antisemitic construction, which included of course a radical anti-bolshevic sentiment, but was at the same time intrinsically entangled with an anti-western notion. The extent and the methods of anti-Jewish violence, the biggest mass killings of Jews before the Shoah with ca 150 000 victims in Ukraine and Belarus, were incisive and unseen before. The general historiography both on the Russian Civil War and the anti-Jewish pogroms has still some way to go until it has accomplished a sufficient differentiated view. The precise reconstruction and analysis of this group of Jewish historians with Elias Tscherikower at its center will advance our knowledge considerably. This group created the Historical Ostjüdische Archive, gathered documents, and provided material help to the victims for two years in Kiev, and fled then to Berlin. The most important sources are the files in the YIVO, New York. They include the historical documents and testimonies, much of the administrative material and the correspondence as well as the protocolls of all the meetings. A large and sufficient amount of sources has been read and copied, but not yet thoroughly and comprehensively studied by this researcher because it does take some time to decipher the offen handwritten documents, mostly in Yiddish and Russian. (An assistant will help doing the transcriptions with 360 hrs.) This group of Jewish historians is not only important because of its work on the pogroms. Some of its members played an essential part in the initiative to found the YIVO in 1925, and constituted the core members of its historical section. Historiographically these historians are to be considered pioneers of a modern Jewish historiography, which tried to analyse anti-Jewish violence in a pathbreaking modern way.

这项申请的目的是为了完成这一研究项目，该项目从2011年到2013年进行了24个月。由于基尔大学的教学任务，这项研究不得不暂停。这将导致一份约300页的研究报告，该研究报告将作为一卷在《Wisenschaftliche Reihe des Fritz Bauer Instituts》中出版。主题包括：1)1917-1921年俄罗斯内战和反犹太大屠杀2)俄罗斯内战和魏玛共和国早期对所谓犹太人布尔什维克主义的反犹刻板印象3)犹太人史学和1918年起在基辅收集的文件4)1921年起在柏林的历史Ostjüdische档案馆5)成立于1925年的YIVO历史科6)1926年/1927年在巴黎的Shvartsbard辩护委员会7)这些犹太大屠杀历史学家在犹太史学中的地位。俄罗斯内战和反犹太大屠杀在某种程度上仍然笼罩在第二次世界大战和大屠杀的阴影之下。对1921年之前犹太布尔什维克主义的刻板印象的分析将强调，它的核心是一种反犹太主义结构，其中当然包括激进的反布尔什维克情绪，但同时也与一种反西方观念本质上纠缠在一起。反犹太暴力的范围和方式是乌克兰和白俄罗斯在大屠杀之前对犹太人进行的最大规模的大规模杀戮，受害者约15万人，这是前所未有的尖锐和尖锐的暴力。关于俄罗斯内战和反犹太大屠杀的一般史学，在完成足够的差异化观点之前，还有一段路要走。对以伊莱亚斯·茨凯里科尔为中心的这群犹太历史学家的准确重构和分析，将极大地促进我们的知识进步。该组织创建了Ostjüdische历史档案馆，收集了文件，并在基辅为受害者提供了两年的物质帮助，然后逃往柏林。最重要的来源是纽约伊沃的文件。它们包括历史文件和证词、许多行政材料和通信以及所有会议的协议。已经阅读和复制了大量的资料，但这位研究人员还没有彻底和全面地研究，因为破译这些手写文件确实需要一些时间，主要是用意第绪语和俄语。(一名助理将帮助完成360小时的转录。)这群犹太历史学家之所以重要，不仅仅是因为他们在大屠杀方面的工作。它的一些成员在1925年建立青年会的倡议中发挥了重要作用，并构成了其历史部分的核心成员。在历史学上，这些历史学家被认为是现代犹太历史学的先驱，试图以一种开创性的现代方式分析反犹太暴力。