COLLABORATIVE: Adelie Penguin Response to Climate Change at the Individual, Colony and Metapopulation Levels

虽然人口的变化通常被跟踪，以衡量气候或栖息地变化的影响，这一过程涉及到个人的反应，因为每个人都应对改变了的环境。在一项跨越13个繁殖季节的阿德利企鹅研究中，结果表明，在一个群体中，只有20%的个体成功地养育了后代，而且他们这样做是因为他们具有模范的觅食能力。此外，觅食似乎需要更多的努力，在最大的殖民地，种内竞争是高于小殖民地，也需要更多的熟练程度在环境压力期间。当条件特别令人生畏时，移民数量急剧增加，这与长期以来认为阿德利企鹅是高度亲民的假设背道而驰。 该研究项目将1）确定年龄，经验和生理对个体觅食效率的影响; 2）确定年龄，经验和个体质量对繁殖成功和生存的影响，在不同的环境和竞争条件下，在殖民地水平;和3）开发一个综合模型的罗斯-博福特岛集合种群动态。更广泛的影响包括培训实习生，通过非常成功的项目网站penguinscience.com继续向公众宣传，编制课堂材料和其他基于标准的教学资源。

While changes in populations typically are tracked to gauge the impact of climate or habitat change, the process involves the response of individuals as each copes with an altered environment. In a study of Adelie penguins that spans 13 breeding seasons, results indicate that only 20% of individuals within a colony successfully raise offspring, and that they do so because of their exemplary foraging proficiency. Moreover, foraging appears to require more effort at the largest colony, where intraspecific competition is higher than at small colonies, and also requires more proficiency during periods of environmental stress. When conditions are particularly daunting, emigration dramatically increases, countering the long-standing assumption that Adélie penguins are highly philopatric. The research project will 1) determine the effect of age, experience and physiology on individual foraging efficiency; 2) determine the effect of age, experience, and individual quality on breeding success and survival in varying environmental and competitive conditions at the colony level; and 3) develop a comprehensive model for the Ross-Beaufort Island metapopulation dynamics. Broader impacts include training of interns, continuation of public outreach through the highly successful project website penguinscience.com, development of classroom materials and other standards-based instructional resources.