A Full Lifecycle Approach to Understanding Adelie Penguin Response to Changing Pack Ice Conditions in the Ross Sea.

了解阿德利企鹅对罗斯海浮冰条件变化的反应的全生命周期方法。

• 批准号: 1543541
• 负责人: David Ainley
• 金额: $ 46.74万
• 依托单位: H.T. Harvey & Associates
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-06-01 至 2021-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1543541&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Full; Lifecycle; Approach; Understanding; Adelie

The Ross Sea region of the Southern Ocean is experiencing growing sea ice cover in both extent and duration. These trends contrast those of the well-studied, western Antarctic Peninsula area, where sea ice has been disappearing. Unlike the latter, little is known about how expanding sea ice coverage might affect the regional Antarctic marine ecosystem. This project aims to better understand some of the potential effects of the changing ice conditions on the marine ecosystem using the widely-recognized indicator species - the Adélie Penguin. A four-year effort will build on previous results spanning 19 seasons at Ross Island to explore how successes or failures in each part of the penguin's annual cycle are effected by ice conditions and how these carry over to the next annual recruitment cycle, especially with respect to the penguin's condition upon arrival in the spring. Education and public outreach activities will continually be promoted through the PenguinCam and PenguinScience websites (sites with greater than 1 million hits a month) and "NestCheck" (a site that is logged-on by 300 classrooms annually that allows students to follow penguin families in their breeding efforts). To encourage students in pursuing educational and career pathways in the Science Technology Engineering and Math fields, the project will also provide stories from the field in a Penguin Journal, develop classroom-ready activities aligned with New Generation Science Standards, increase the availability of instructional presentations as powerpoint files and short webisodes. The project will provide additional outreach activities through local, state and national speaking engagements about penguins, Antarctic science and climate change. The annual outreach efforts are aimed at reaching over 15,000 students through the website, 300 teachers through presentations and workshops, and 500 persons in the general public. The project also will train four interns (undergraduate and graduate level), two post-doctoral researchers, and a science writer/photographer. The project will accomplish three major goals, all of which relate to how Adélie Penguins adapt to, or cope with environmental change. Specifically the project seeks to determine 1) how changing winter sea ice conditions in the Ross Sea region affect penguin migration, behavior and survival and alter the carry-over effects (COEs) to subsequent reproduction; 2) the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing COEs over multiple years of an individual?s lifetime; and 3) how local environmental change may affect population change via impacts to nesting habitat, interacting with individual quality and COEs. Retrospective analyses will be conducted using 19 years of colony based data and collect additional information on individually marked, known-age and known-history penguins, from new recruits to possibly senescent individuals. Four years of new information will be gained from efforts based at two colonies (Cape Royds and Crozier), using radio frequency identification tags to automatically collect data on breeding and foraging effort of marked, known-history birds to explore penguin response to resource availability within the colony as well as between colonies (mates, nesting material, habitat availability). Additional geolocation/time-depth recorders will be used to investigate travels and foraging during winter of these birds. The combined efforts will allow an assessment of the effects of penguin behavior/success in one season on its behavior in the next (e.g. how does winter behavior affect arrival time and body condition on subsequent breeding). It is at the individual level that penguins are responding successfully, or not, to ongoing marine habitat change in the Ross Sea region.

南大洋罗斯海地区的海冰覆盖范围和持续时间都在不断增加。这些趋势与经过充分研究的南极半岛西部地区的趋势形成鲜明对比，那里的海冰一直在消失。与后者不同的是，人们对不断扩大的海冰覆盖范围可能如何影响南极区域海洋生态系统知之甚少。该项目旨在利用广泛认可的指示物种——阿德利企鹅，更好地了解冰况变化对海洋生态系统的一些潜在影响。 为期四年的努力将建立在罗斯岛19个季节的先前结果的基础上，探索冰况如何影响企鹅年度周期每个部分的成功或失败，以及这些影响如何延续到下一个年度招募周期，特别是与企鹅在春季抵达时的状况有关。 将通过 PenguinCam 和 PenguinScience 网站（每月点击量超过 100 万次的网站）和“NestCheck”（每年有 300 个教室登录的网站，让学生能够跟踪企鹅家族的繁殖活动）继续推动教育和公共宣传活动。 为了鼓励学生在科学技术、工程和数学领域追求教育和职业道路，该项目还将在企鹅杂志上提供该领域的故事，开发符合新一代科学标准的课堂准备活动，增加以幻灯片文件和简短网络剧集形式提供教学演示的可用性。 该项目将通过地方、州和国家有关企鹅、南极科学和气候变化的演讲活动提供额外的外展活动。年度外展工作旨在通过网站覆盖 15,000 多名学生，通过演讲和研讨会覆盖 300 名教师，以及 500 名公众。该项目还将培训四名实习生（本科生和研究生）、两名博士后研究人员和一名科普作家/摄影师。 该项目将实现三个主要目标，所有这些目标都与阿德利企鹅如何适应或应对环境变化有关。具体而言，该项目旨在确定：1）罗斯海地区冬季海冰条件的变化如何影响企鹅的迁徙、行为和生存，并改变对后续繁殖的遗留影响（COE）； 2) 影响个人一生中多年的 COE 的外部和内部因素之间的相互作用； 3) 当地环境变化如何通过影响筑巢栖息地、与个体质量和 COE 相互作用来影响种群变化。将使用 19 年的企鹅群数据进行回顾性分析，并收集有关单独标记、已知年龄和已知历史的企鹅的更多信息，从新加入的企鹅到可能衰老的个体。四年的新信息将从两个栖息地（罗伊兹角和克罗泽尔）的工作中获得，使用射频识别标签自动收集有标记的已知历史鸟类的繁殖和觅食数据，以探索企鹅对栖息地内以及栖息地之间资源可用性（配偶、筑巢材料、栖息地可用性）的反应。 额外的地理定位/时间深度记录仪将用于调查这些鸟类在冬季的旅行和觅食情况。综合努力将能够评估企鹅在一个季节的行为/成功对其下一季节的行为的影响（例如，冬季行为如何影响到达时间和随后繁殖的身体状况）。企鹅是否成功地在个体层面上对罗斯海地区持续的海洋栖息地变化做出了反应。