BREAD: Biochar Inoculants for Enabling Smallholder Agriculture

面包：生物炭接种剂促进小农农业

• 批准号: 0965336
• 负责人: Johannes Lehmann
• 金额: $ 160.9万
• 依托单位: Cornell University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-04-01 至 2018-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0965336&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: BREAD; Biochar; Inoculants; Enabling; Smallholder

PI: Johannes Lehmann (Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University)Co-PI: Janice Thies (Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University)Co-PI: Rufus Edwards (Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine)Co-PI: Henry Neufeldt (World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya)Collaborator: Betta Fisher (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University)Collaborator: Fred Gouldin (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University)Collaborator: David Lee (Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University)Collaborator: Stephen Joseph (University of New South Wales, Australia)The major threat to agricultural productivity in Africa is the rapid increase in soil degradation that is linked directly to food insecurity, hunger and poverty. Integrating stable biochar into carbon-constrained agricultural systems in developing countries may be able to address long term productivity constraints. Despite its significant potential, it is less known whether biochar inoculants can be developed that enhance crop growth by improving growth conditions for nitrogen fixing bacteria, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The objective of this project is to provide fundamental knowledge of how to best develop and use biochar inoculants within smallholder agriculture systems in Kenya. Resource opportunities are mapped for entire farms, and biochar cook stoves optimized to generate clean household energy as well as agronomically valuable and environmentally safe, stable biochar products. The ability of biochars to provide improved growth conditions for beneficial microorganisms is determined using incubations under a range of soil conditions where organisms are imaged using advanced microscopy. A mechanistic understanding of the way certain biochar traits improve inoculant behavior are obtained by relating microbial occurrence to physical and molecular properties of biochars. The investigation of microbe-biochar interactions are novel and are expected to provide fundamental knowledge at the frontier of soil health science. For the broader community, project outcomes will inform about biomass use and optimization in agricultural systems, cook stove optimization, and mechanisms of microbial inoculant processes, which will significantly strengthen our understanding of soil health management and improve small holder agricultural systems in developing countries.This project will generate innovative ways to sustainably enhance soil resources in developing countries. It is the first of its kind to embrace a full life-cycle approach to solving carbon constraints in small-holder agriculture that can be locally implemented and managed. This project will build local capacity in teaching, learning and research both in Kenya and the US. Students at the undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels will be trained using a wide array of new molecular technologies and approaches to system science. This project will make use of our existing linkages to the United Nations and non-governmental organizations, and communicate results directly to national organizations in Africa involved in education, research and policy making. The project is making results available through a project website, a permanently archived database on Cornell University's D-space archive, and a CD-ROM which will include cook stove designs, biochar-inoculant production and application protocols. Information will also be disseminated through workshops on biochar-inoculant methods, publications, project briefs, and presentations.

首席研究员：Johannes Lehmann（康奈尔大学作物与土壤科学）联合首席研究员：Janice Thies（康奈尔大学作物与土壤科学）联合首席研究员：Rufus Edwards（加州大学欧文分校流行病学系）联合首席研究员：Henry Neufeldt（肯尼亚内罗毕世界农林中心 (ICRAF)）合作者：Betta Fisher（机械和航空航天） 工程，康奈尔大学）合作者：Fred Gouldin（康奈尔大学机械与航空航天工程）合作者：David Lee（康奈尔大学应用经济与管理）合作者：Stephen Joseph（澳大利亚新南威尔士大学）非洲农业生产力的主要威胁是土壤退化的迅速加剧，这与粮食不安全、饥饿和贫困直接相关。将稳定的生物炭纳入发展中国家的碳约束农业系统可能能够解决长期生产力限制。尽管其潜力巨大，但目前尚不清楚是否可以开发出生物炭接种剂，通过改善固氮细菌、促进植物根际细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的生长条件来促进作物生长。该项目的目标是提供有关如何在肯尼亚小农农业系统中最佳开发和使用生物炭接种剂的基础知识。为整个农场绘制了资源机会图，并对生物炭炉灶进行了优化，以产生清洁的家庭能源以及具有农业价值和环境安全、稳定的生物炭产品。生物炭为有益微生物提供改善的生长条件的能力是通过在一系列土壤条件下进行培养来确定的，其中使用先进的显微镜对生物体进行成像。通过将微生物的发生与生物炭的物理和分子特性联系起来，可以获得对某些生物炭特性改善孕育剂行为的方式的机械理解。微生物与生物炭相互作用的研究是新颖的，有望为土壤健康科学的前沿提供基础知识。对于更广泛的社区而言，项目成果将介绍农业系统中的生物质利用和优化、炉灶优化以及微生物接种过程机制，这将显着加强我们对土壤健康管理的理解，并改善发展中国家的小农农业系统。该项目将产生可持续增强发展中国家土壤资源的创新方法。这是同类中第一个采用全生命周期方法来解决小农农业碳约束的方法，并且可以在当地实施和管理。该项目将建设肯尼亚和美国当地的教学、学习和研究能力。本科生、研究生和研究生级别的学生将接受一系列新分子技术和系统科学方法的培训。该项目将利用我们与联合国和非政府组织的现有联系，并将结果直接传达给非洲参与教育、研究和政策制定的国家组织。该项目正在通过项目网站、康奈尔大学 D 空间档案中的永久存档数据库以及包含炉灶设计、生物炭孕育剂生产和应用协议的 CD-ROM 提供结果。还将通过生物炭孕育方法研讨会、出版物、项目简介和演示来传播信息。