BREAD: Biochar Inoculants for Enabling Smallholder Agriculture

面包：生物炭接种剂促进小农农业

• 批准号: 0965336
• 负责人: Johannes Lehmann
• 金额: $ 160.9万
• 依托单位: Cornell University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-04-01 至 2018-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0965336&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: BREAD; Biochar; Inoculants; Enabling; Smallholder

PI: Johannes Lehmann (Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University)Co-PI: Janice Thies (Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University)Co-PI: Rufus Edwards (Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine)Co-PI: Henry Neufeldt (World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya)Collaborator: Betta Fisher (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University)Collaborator: Fred Gouldin (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University)Collaborator: David Lee (Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University)Collaborator: Stephen Joseph (University of New South Wales, Australia)The major threat to agricultural productivity in Africa is the rapid increase in soil degradation that is linked directly to food insecurity, hunger and poverty. Integrating stable biochar into carbon-constrained agricultural systems in developing countries may be able to address long term productivity constraints. Despite its significant potential, it is less known whether biochar inoculants can be developed that enhance crop growth by improving growth conditions for nitrogen fixing bacteria, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The objective of this project is to provide fundamental knowledge of how to best develop and use biochar inoculants within smallholder agriculture systems in Kenya. Resource opportunities are mapped for entire farms, and biochar cook stoves optimized to generate clean household energy as well as agronomically valuable and environmentally safe, stable biochar products. The ability of biochars to provide improved growth conditions for beneficial microorganisms is determined using incubations under a range of soil conditions where organisms are imaged using advanced microscopy. A mechanistic understanding of the way certain biochar traits improve inoculant behavior are obtained by relating microbial occurrence to physical and molecular properties of biochars. The investigation of microbe-biochar interactions are novel and are expected to provide fundamental knowledge at the frontier of soil health science. For the broader community, project outcomes will inform about biomass use and optimization in agricultural systems, cook stove optimization, and mechanisms of microbial inoculant processes, which will significantly strengthen our understanding of soil health management and improve small holder agricultural systems in developing countries.This project will generate innovative ways to sustainably enhance soil resources in developing countries. It is the first of its kind to embrace a full life-cycle approach to solving carbon constraints in small-holder agriculture that can be locally implemented and managed. This project will build local capacity in teaching, learning and research both in Kenya and the US. Students at the undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels will be trained using a wide array of new molecular technologies and approaches to system science. This project will make use of our existing linkages to the United Nations and non-governmental organizations, and communicate results directly to national organizations in Africa involved in education, research and policy making. The project is making results available through a project website, a permanently archived database on Cornell University's D-space archive, and a CD-ROM which will include cook stove designs, biochar-inoculant production and application protocols. Information will also be disseminated through workshops on biochar-inoculant methods, publications, project briefs, and presentations.

主要研究者：约翰内斯·莱曼（作物和土壤科学，康奈尔大学）共同PI：Janice Thies（作物和土壤科学，康奈尔大学）共同PI：Rufus Edwards（加州尔湾大学流行病学系）共同主要研究者：亨利诺伊费尔特（世界农林中心，肯尼亚内罗毕）（机械和航空航天工程，康奈尔大学）合作者：Fred Gouldin（康奈尔大学机械与航空航天工程）合作者：大卫李（应用经济学和管理，康奈尔大学）合作者：Stephen Joseph（新南威尔士大学，对非洲农业生产力的主要威胁是土壤退化迅速加剧，这与粮食不安全直接相关，饥饿和贫穷。将稳定的生物炭纳入发展中国家碳约束的农业系统可能能够解决长期的生产力限制。尽管其巨大的潜力，它是不太知道是否可以开发生物炭接种剂，提高作物生长，通过改善生长条件的固氮细菌，植物生长促进根际细菌和丛枝菌根真菌。该项目的目标是提供关于如何在肯尼亚小农农业系统中最好地开发和使用生物炭接种剂的基本知识。为整个农场绘制了资源机会图，并优化了生物炭炉灶，以产生清洁的家庭能源以及具有农业价值和环境安全的稳定生物炭产品。生物炭为有益微生物提供改善的生长条件的能力通过在一系列土壤条件下孵育来确定，其中使用先进的显微镜对生物体进行成像。通过将微生物的发生与生物炭的物理和分子特性相关联，获得了对某些生物炭特性改善接种剂行为的方式的机械理解。微生物-生物炭相互作用的研究是新颖的，有望为土壤健康科学的前沿领域提供基础知识。对于更广泛的社区，项目成果将为农业系统中生物质的使用和优化、炉灶优化以及微生物接种过程的机制提供信息，这将大大加强我们对土壤健康管理的理解，改善发展中国家的小保持器农业系统。这是第一个采用全生命周期方法解决可在当地实施和管理的小农户农业碳限制的方法。该项目将在肯尼亚和美国建立当地的教学，学习和研究能力。本科生，研究生和研究生水平的学生将使用广泛的新分子技术和系统科学方法进行培训。该项目将利用我们与联合国和非政府组织的现有联系，并将结果直接传达给非洲参与教育、研究和决策的国家组织。该项目正在通过一个项目网站、康奈尔大学D空间档案库的永久存档数据库和一个光盘提供结果，光盘将包括炉灶设计、生物炭接种剂生产和应用程序。还将通过关于生物炭接种方法的讲习班、出版物、项目简介和介绍来传播信息。