Clusters, Heritage and the Microfoundations of Spillovers - Lessons from Semi-Conductors

集群、遗产和溢出效应的微观基础——半导体的教训

• 批准号: 0965451
• 负责人: Steven Klepper
• 金额: $ 38.42万
• 依托单位: Carnegie-Mellon University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-05-15 至 2013-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0965451&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Clusters; Heritage; Microfoundations; Spillovers; Lessons

Knowledge industries tend to cluster geographically, which has long been thought to promote spillovers of knowledge through local employees of competing firms exchanging know-how and changing employers. Employees of incumbent firms also sometimes found their own spinoff firms, which can be a source of knowledge spillovers. Intellectual Merit: The main purpose of the proposed work is to assess the strength of these alternative spillover mechanisms and their effect on firm performance in the context of the semiconductor industry, which famously clustered in Silicon Valley and secondarily in Boston, New York, and Los Angeles. Sorting out the importance of these alternative mechanisms is critical; if clusters promote knowledge exchange and employee mobility then clustering is socially beneficial whereas if spinoffs are the primary conduit for clustering then the benefits of clusters do not extend beyond spinoffs and their 'parents'. Using an annual buyers' guide, data are collected on the location and products of all semiconductor producers from the inception of the industry through 1987. Firm sales data are collected to identify the market leaders. The pre-entry experience of each producer is traced using the annual buyers' guides to identify prior producers of other electronics producers and trade journals and web sources are used to identify spinoffs and their parents. The patents assigned to each semiconductor producer and the inventors of the patents are collected to trace the mobility of the inventors over time. An analysis is conducted of the influence of location and other factors on whether semiconductor producers entered producing semiconductor products at the technological frontier, and if not whether they later shifted to produce frontier products. The determinants of the mobility of inventors are analyzed, including whether mobility was greater for inventors in clusters. Various new semiconductor products were developed in the sample period, and analyses are conducted of the factors influencing whether firms adopted new products, including the role of location. All of these decisions are in turn related to the performance of firms, as reflected in their sales and longevity.Broader Impact: Understanding whether clusters improve firm performance and the main mechanisms behind regional knowledge diffusion can yield important broader impacts for both strategy and policy. If direct knowledge sharing and inter-firm employee mobility are promoted by clustering and in turn contribute to clustering, then clustering has clear welfare benefits and would also benefit firms located in clusters. Alternatively, if spinoffs are the primary conduit for clustering, then external economies do not go beyond spinoffs and their 'parents' and clustering provides no social benefits per se nor any private benefits to firms located in clusters.

知识产业往往在地理上集中，长期以来，人们认为这通过相互竞争的公司的当地雇员交流专门知识和更换雇主，促进了知识的外溢。 现有公司的雇员有时也会创建自己的衍生公司，这可能是知识溢出的一个来源。智力优势：拟议工作的主要目的是评估这些替代溢出机制的强度及其对公司业绩的影响，在半导体行业的背景下，著名的聚集在硅谷，其次是波士顿，纽约，和洛杉矶。 理清这些替代机制的重要性至关重要;如果集群能促进知识交流和员工流动，那么集群就对社会有益，而如果附带利益是集群的主要渠道，那么集群的好处就不会超出附带利益及其“母公司”。 利用年度买家指南，收集了从行业成立到1987年所有半导体生产商的位置和产品的数据。 收集公司销售数据以确定市场领导者。 利用年度购买者指南追踪每个生产商进入前的经历，以查明其他电子产品生产商的先前生产商，并利用行业期刊和网络资源查明附带产品及其母公司。收集分配给每个半导体生产商和专利发明人的专利，以追踪发明人随时间的流动性。分析了区位等因素对半导体生产企业是否进入技术前沿生产半导体产品的影响，以及如果不是，是否转向生产前沿产品的影响。分析了发明人流动性的决定因素，包括集群中发明人的流动性是否更大。在抽样期间开发了各种新的半导体产品，并分析了影响企业是否采用新产品的因素，包括位置的作用。 所有这些决定反过来又与企业的业绩，反映在他们的销售和longeven.Broader影响：了解集群是否提高企业绩效和区域知识扩散背后的主要机制，可以产生重要的战略和政策的影响。如果集群促进了直接的知识共享和公司间雇员流动，反过来又有助于集群，那么集群就有明显的福利效益，也会使集群内的公司受益。或者，如果附带利益是集群的主要渠道，那么外部经济就不会超越附带利益及其“母体”，集群本身不会给集群内的公司带来任何社会利益，也不会给它们带来任何私人利益。