Entry, Learning, and Industry Evolution

进入、学习和行业演变

• 批准号: 0111429
• 负责人: Steven Klepper
• 金额: $ 19.14万
• 依托单位: Carnegie-Mellon University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-08-01 至 2007-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0111429&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Entry; Learning; Industry; Evolution

Three projects concerning the conditions that lead firms to enter new industries and that cause industries to be concentrated in narrow geographic regions are conducted. The first project analyzes the circumstances that lead employees of existing firms to leave and start competing firms in the same industry. Employees of incumbent firms are assumed to learn useful technical and marketing knowledge in the specialized domains in which they work for their employers, which they exploit in starting their own firms. Better performing firms are assumed to be richer learning environments, leading them to spawn more and better-performing employee startups. Employee startups thus serve to diffuse knowledge to new organizations, thereby increasing the strength of the competitors in an industry. These ideas are tested using data that builds on data collected in a prior NSF project on all entrants into the automobile and laser industries. For each industry, various predictions concerning the types of firms that spawn more employee startups, the market conditions that are conducive to such startups, and the relationship between employee startups and the prior experiences of their founders are tested.The second project analyzes the potential of a rare chance event, namely the location of a few very successful early entrants in the same region, to profoundly affect the evolution of the geographic structure of an industry. This can occur through the employee startup process envisioned in the first project. If employee startups drive regional concentrations, it implies that regional public policy efforts to promote industry concentrations should focus on facilitating employee startups. The importance of employee startups in regional industry concentrations is tested using the data compiled in the first project on the automobile industry, which became heavily concentrated around Detroit, Michigan. The location and heritage of every automobile producer is traced to test the extent to which the success of the Detroit producers was concentrated in firms that either directly or though other employee startups can be traced back to four of the most successful early automobile entrants, Olds Motor Works, Cadillac, Buick, and Ford, all of which located in the Detroit area. The last project explores how learning from experience leads firms to expand the repertoire of activities they conduct within industries. It is conjectured that as firms learn about the core technologies of an industry, they expand their efforts into new activities that are more challenging to master. This perspective can account for patterns in the way firms grow and also why the leaders of industries tend to produce the broadest array of the industry's products. It also implies that older and more qualified firms are the first to diversify into new industry domains created by innovations, which contrasts with recent theories about how innovations can lead to turnover in the leaders of an industry. The theory is tested using the data for the automobile and laser industries and also using data for part of the history of the tire industry developed in the same prior NSF project. The empirical examination probes the kinds of innovations that pose the greatest challenges to an industry's leading firms versus those that reinforce the positions of the industry's leaders.

进行了三个项目，涉及导致企业进入新产业和导致产业集中在狭窄地理区域的条件。 第一个项目分析了导致现有公司的员工离开并开始在同一行业中竞争公司的情况。 现有公司的雇员被认为在他们为雇主工作的专门领域学习有用的技术和营销知识，他们利用这些知识创办自己的公司。 表现更好的公司被认为是更丰富的学习环境，导致他们产生更多和表现更好的员工创业公司。 因此，员工创业公司可以将知识传播给新的组织，从而增加行业竞争对手的实力。 这些想法使用建立在先前NSF项目中收集的数据上的数据进行测试，这些数据针对汽车和激光行业的所有进入者。 对于每个行业，我们都将测试各种预测，这些预测涉及到产生更多员工创业的公司类型、有利于此类创业的市场条件以及员工创业与其创始人先前经历之间的关系。第二个项目分析了一个罕见的机会事件的潜力，即在同一地区有几个非常成功的早期进入者，深刻影响一个行业的地理结构的演变。 这可以通过第一个项目中设想的员工启动过程来实现。 如果员工创业推动区域集中，这意味着促进行业集中的区域公共政策努力应该集中在促进员工创业上。 员工创业在区域产业集中度中的重要性是使用第一个汽车行业项目中汇编的数据进行测试的，该项目主要集中在密歇根州底特律市。 我们对每一家汽车制造商的位置和历史进行了追溯，以检验底特律汽车制造商的成功在多大程度上集中于那些直接或通过其他员工创业的公司，这些公司可以追溯到四家最成功的早期汽车进入者，即奥尔兹汽车厂、凯迪拉克、别克和福特，它们都位于底特律地区。 最后一个项目探讨了如何从经验中学习导致公司扩大他们在行业内进行的活动的剧目。 据了解，随着企业了解一个行业的核心技术，它们将努力扩展到更难掌握的新活动中。 这一观点可以解释公司成长的模式，也可以解释为什么行业领导者倾向于生产最广泛的行业产品。 这也意味着，更老和更合格的公司是第一个多样化到新的行业领域所创造的创新，这与最近的理论创新如何导致一个行业的领导者的流动。 使用汽车和激光工业的数据以及在同一先前NSF项目中开发的轮胎工业的部分历史数据来测试该理论。 实证研究探讨了对行业领先企业构成最大挑战的创新类型，以及加强行业领导者地位的创新类型。