Electrified jets in the presence of a co-flowing liquid - A route to fine emulsions

利用微流体装置对流体流的精确操纵正在彻底改变许多基于流体的技术。特别是，微流体技术提供了前所未有的可能性，用于控制组分的混合，以产生作为新材料模板的液滴。然而，尽管这些小规模设备有希望，但可以产生的液滴和颗粒尺寸很少小于直径约10微米;这排除了具有重要基础和技术价值的胶体领域的材料。本项目的目标是有效地耦合水动力和电力，以在稳态下，液滴的尺寸可以从微米级以下调整到微米级以上。智力的优点在于理解和实验控制的机制，通过该机制，在电场的存在下，在基于毛细管的微流体装置中产生液滴。特别是，这项研究将阐明电场如何影响液滴形成的共同流动的液体流，其中一种液体通过毛细管注入到另一种不混溶的液体，并专注于基本的流体力学控制的过程。该项目涉及研究在电场作用下射流的形成，研究这些射流的流体动力学稳定性，以防止静脉曲张、轴对称扰动和离轴、横向不稳定性的增长，该项目的更广泛影响是利用这一基本知识产生单分散乳液，其液滴大小具有前所未有的可调性;这与工业相关，因为滴剂用于许多日常产品，包括食品、化妆品、保健品和个人护理产品。通过工业合作伙伴的参与，我们将进一步加强对本科生的教育，他们不仅将学习如何使用技术相关的仪器，并对液滴形成过程中涉及的相关流体力学有深刻的基本理解，而且还将通过这些相互作用扩大他们的培训。此外，我们计划进行的研究的视觉吸引力将有助于新课程和讲座的准备。

The precision manipulation of streams of fluids with microfluidic devices is revolutionizing many fluid-based technologies. In particular, microfluidics offers unprecedented possibilities for controlled mixing of components to generate drops as templates for novel materials. However, despite the promise of these small-scale devices, the droplets and particle sizes that can be produced are rarely smaller than ~10 micrometers in diameter; this excludes materials in the colloidal domain of great fundamental and technological value.The objective of this project is to effectively couple hydrodynamic and electric forces to generate, in steady-state, drops with sizes that can be tuned from well below to well above the micron scale. The intellectual merit resides in understanding and experimentally controlling the mechanism by which drops are generated in capillary-based microfluidic devices in the presence of electric fields. In particular, this research will elucidate how electric fields affect drop formation in co-flowing liquid streams, where one liquid is injected through a capillary tube into another immiscible liquid, and focus on the fundamental fluid mechanics controlling the process. The project involves the study of jet formation under the action of electric fields and the study of the hydrodynamic stability of these jets against the growth of both varicose, axisymmetric perturbations and off-axis, lateral instabilities.The broader impact of the project is provided by the use of this fundamental knowledge to generate monodisperse emulsions with an unprecedented tunability of the drop size; this is industrially relevant, as drops are used in many everyday products, including food, cosmetic, heath and personal care products. Through the involvement of industrial partners we will additionally enhance the education of undergraduate students, who will not only learn how to use technologically relevant instrumentation and acquire a deep fundamental understanding of the relevant fluid mechanics involved in drop formation processes, but who will also broaden their training with these interactions. Additionally, the visual appeal of the research we plan to conduct will aid the preparation of new courses and lectures.